The Role of Hermaphrodites in Society Essay -- Sociology Essays Resear

The Role of Hermaphrodites in Society In Ruth Gilbert’s At the Border’s of the Human, she talks about society’s enthusiasm for bisexuals regarding â€Å"people’s want to analyze, examine, and show objects which are outsider, odd and other† (6). The abnormal and odd display of the androgynous body has drawn the focal point of researchers since the mid sixteenth century. Bisexuals have since quite a while ago evoked a â€Å"mixture of nauseate and want, and dread and fascination†(Gilbert 150) that has prompted their situation as objects of logical examination. As characterized by Random House Webster’s College Dictionary, a bisexual is â€Å"an individual in which regenerative organs of both genders are present†. Other than bisexuals testing society’s physical standards, they challenge and have as of late changed its social standards also. In antiquated social orders, double sexed creatures were either â€Å"exterminated, viewed as creatures of affliction, or viewed as peculiar phenomena† (Brisson 40). Their jobs in the public eye were nonexistent in light of the fact that they were seen as â€Å"threatening abnormality from the...

Faradays Law :: essays research papers

 â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â                                              PHY 2049  â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â Faraday’s Law 1)     ABSTRACT: Relative movement between an attractive field and a conductor are expected to make a voltage inside the conductor. For current to stream the conductor must be a finished circle, if not the present won't stream. 2)     THEORY: Faraday’s Law ( V = - N(Df/Dt) ) 3)     PROCEDURE: A.     A curl is associated with a galvanometer, finishing the circle. A magnet is gone through the loop. B.     A curl is associated with a galvanometer, finishing the circle. Numerous magnets are gone through the loop. C.     Two curls are put start to finish with an iron bar put through them. One is associated with a galvanometer the other to a force gracefully. The force flexibly is turned here and there. D.     A enormous loop encompassing an iron pole is given a steady current. An aluminum ring with a cut to forestall total current is put over the pole. E.     A huge curl encompassing an iron pole is given a consistent current. A total aluminum ring is put over it. F.     A huge curl encompassing an iron pole is given a consistent current. A copper curl is put over the bar, however is definitely not a total circle. The curl is then shut to finish the circle. 4)     DATA AND RESULTS: A.     As the magnet went through the curl a voltage was produced. B.     As numerous magnets went through the curl a lower voltage was produced. C.     As current is provided to the loop a voltage is produced in the iron pole. At the point when the current is cut off there is no voltage made. D.     Current couldn't course through the gapped ring so it fell directly to the base of the iron bar. E.     Current could course through the total ring so it was repulsed off the iron bar upon situation. F.     The loop that isn't finished tumbles to the base of the iron bar yet the total curl is likewise repulsed off the pole because of current stream. 5)     INTERPRETATION: The test demonstrated that relative movement between a magnet and conductor had the option to make a voltage and that current must have a total circle with the end goal for it to stream, along these lines demonstrating Faraday’s Law.

Impact Of Cosmetic Surgery On Society - Free Essay Example

Cosmetic surgery What was onced used as a way to fix and restore is now a common step in the beauty routine of many Americans. Most Americans, because of social pressure and insecurities, are falling into the trap of plastic surgery. They are risking their health, trying to make themselves look better so they can feel better. But after all the procedures they are no longer themselves and are they really any happier? Although cosmetic surgery was used more than 4,000 years ago to treat facial injuries it is now considered a common activity among most Americans, and it is negatively impacting our society. (Nordqvist, Christian.)It is a common misconception that best way to achieve a more beautiful self is not through hard work, discipline, and self-control, but through surgery. Cosmetic surgery should be illegal because it negatively impacts our society by causing unrealistic expectations of beauty, major financial problems, and it has detrimental health risks. By causing unrealistic expectations for beauty cosmetic surgery is having negative effects on our society. Most famous people have had some type of plastic surgery to enhance their looks. These stars are posted and plastered on magazine covers, billboards, and posted on all forms of social media. Teenagers look up to these celebrities.The world views these stars with the expectations of how everyone should look causing the average American to feel bad about themselves. This results in a rise in suicides, depression, and plastic surgeries. There was an investigation done to examine the relationship between self?presentational motives and physical activity in a population of cosmetic surgery participants. Participants were fifty female and five male cosmetic surgery patients who completed a battery of self?report measures following either vein or acne treatment. Analyses revealed significant group differences on self?presentational concern and public self?consciousness between: (a) tho se who elected the treatment for appearance motives and those who elected treatment for health?based motives, and (b) the more frequent (three or more times per week) and less frequent (two or less times per week) exercisers. Greater self?presentational concerns and greater public self?consciousness were associated with having appearance?related motives for treatment and with being a less frequent exerciser.(Culos-Reed, S. Nicole) In most medical specialties, patients don’t know what their problem is, and leave it to the specialist to figure out. Not so with cosmetic surgery. Here, it is the patient who knows what’s wrong and the surgeon who often has a hard time seeing it. This leaves him with a dilemma: either he has to send the patient home empty handed or he has to find some medically acceptable reason for an intervention as drastic as surgery. To illustrate this point, the speaker gave a slideshow with— what else?— before and after pictures. To my surprise, the patient was not a middle-aged woman with wrinkles who wanted a face lift, but a fifteen-year old Moroccan girl who wanted her nose done. According to this surgeon, this girl was only one among many similar cases: second-generation immigrant adolescents who were getting harassed at school for having â€Å"noses like that.† They became miserable, antisocial, and developed feelings of inferiority, he explained. It be came difficult for them to become assimilated into Dutch society. (Davis, Kathy) Plastic surgeon Michael Salzhauer, or Dr. Miami states â€Å"I think the influence of social media is enormous and cannot be overstated.†(Dr.Miami) Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery brings shocking statistics to prove this theory. They found that over 40 percent of surgeons in the survey reported that patients said looking better in a selfie was their reason for getting surgery. This shows social media and the modern connectivity between fan and public figure can be held responsible for both glorifying and normalizing what was once considered an extreme step in self-improvement. Cosmetic surgery is not only hurting Americans self esteem and emotions but their wallets too (American Society of Plastic Surgeons.) Cosmetic surgery should be illegal because it negatively impacts society by causing many patients to go into major debt. There are two types of plastic Americans rely on- plastic credit cards and plastic surgery. These plastics feed insecurities even as they captivate us with promises. If theres one thing Americans are brilliant at, it is tricking themselves into thinking that they can make their future better than the present. Credit and plastic surgery offer â€Å"easy† shortcuts. This causes many to fall into debt, impacting both society and the economy for worse. (source)Dr. Alan Matarasso, president of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, who works as a plastic surgeon in New York City says, â€Å"Cosmetic surgery is not covered by insurance, it’s what we call self-pay. Traditionally, the model was that you paid (the full amount) two to three weeks in advance†(Materasso). Insurance doesnt cover cosmetic surgery, but that doesnt stop most from going under the knife. It only increases their debt.   An American Society of Plastic Surgeons report found Americans spent more than $16 billion on cosmetic plastic surgeries and minimally invasive procedures in 2016, the most the U.S. has ever spent on such operations (Apr 12, 2017) (Rossman, Sean.). Claire Leeson, who got plastic surgery to look like Kim Kardashian, spent a total of $30,000 she didnt have on the procedure.(â€Å"I Spent $30,000 to Look like Kim Kardashian.†,NY post)   The Daily Mail reports that Leeson was bullied for her looks as a teenager and attempted suicide several times throughout adolescence. Her transformation was a direct response to that poor treatment, a way to reclaim herself and feel beautiful. Unfortunately, its also hurting her financially.(Daily Mail)   Despite record unemployment, rising health care costs, and sinking home values Americans spent out more than $10 billion on cosmetic surgery and other procedures last year. This hurt the economy more than it hurt the individuasl. Almost half of Americans have less than $10,000 saved for retirement, but millions of them are not hesitating a trip to the plastic surgeon. Not only is Cosmetic surgery negatively affecting the economy, but Americans health and even lives are endangered by the many procedures being done.(American Society of Plastic Surgeons. â€Å"Dangers of Plastic Surgery Tourism.†) Cosmetic surgery, like any type of surgery, is not without risks. Plastic surgery procedures can result in complications ranging from an unattractive or unnatural final result to scarring or even death. All surgeries, including cosmetic procedures, carry risk. People who have a history of cardiovascular disease, lung disease, diabetes or obesity have a higher risk of developing complications such as pneumonia, stroke, heart attack or blood clots in the legs or lungs. Additionally, smoking increases risks and interferes with healing. There are many possible complications for any surgical procedure. Complications related to anesthesia, including pneumonia, blood clots and, even death are all possible. Infection at the incision site, which may worsen scarring and require additional surgery. Fluid build up under the skin. Mild bleeding, may require another surgical procedure, or bleeding significant enough to require a transfusion.   Obvious scarring or skin breakdown, which occurs whe n healing skin separates from healthy skin and must be removed surgically. Numbness and tingling from nerve damage, which may be permanent. Not only are there long term risks but even the recovery from these surgeries can be long and painful. Even with instruction and preparation, the bruising swelling that follow cosmetic surgery and how long they last is alarming. Bruising can take a minimum of three weeks to diminish; swelling can take even longer. Getting up and moving frequently after surgery is very important to minimize risk for blood clots, which can be deadly. Flying or driving long distances makes this hard to do—and blood-thinning medications to reduce risk of blood clots, such as Aspirin, are off-limits after cosmetic surgery. Sitting in a cramped plane for hours or enduring a bumpy car ride also can be uncomfortable on healing incisions. To minimize these risks, a person would need to spend several weeks taking it easy. Recovery time is long and while recovering a person is limited in what they can do. (â€Å"How to Stay Safe When Traveling for Cosmetic Surgery.† American Board of Cosmetic Surgery) Cosmetic surgery negatively impacts our society by causing unrealistic expectations of beauty, major financial problems including debt, and it has detrimental health risks. Society’s unrealistic beauty expectations cause many to feel insecure and ugly resulting in the hope that plastic surgery will make them look better. Plastic Surgery causes many to fall into debt, impacting both society and the economy for worse. It is not without risks. Plastic surgery procedures can result in complications ranging from an unattractive or unnatural final result to scarring or even death. In conclusion cosmetic surgery is not a solution but a problem. Going under the knife will not help a person to feel better and will instead put their health and emotional wellbeing at risk, not to mention break the bank. Americans should look past social expectations and be who they are living real lives full of real happiness.

20th Century Death Portrayal in Art Essay - 2365 Words

The 20th century was a time period lasting from January 1, 1901 all the way through December 31, 2000. Commonly known as the modern era, this century was nothing less than contemporary in every aspect throughout the world. Art in itself has always been a widely known and incorporated feature around the world since the beginning of time. As centuries came and went, eras within art and certain portrayals were heavily integrated and became best known as being used within certain centuries. From visual arts, to music, theatre, literature, and architecture, there has never been a dull moment. As modern as the 20th century was though, a very evident theme seemed to stand out among others within many forms of art. This was the portrayal of death.†¦show more content†¦The woman portrayed is Florence Owens Thompson and her children. She and her children were hungry and desperate at the time while they were in this state of destruction. She had sold everything and had nothing and Lang ’s attempt when she took the photograph was to demonstrate a photographs capability to display emotional powers. The look of death on the mothers face was meant to make emotional connections with the viewer as a cry for help. Last, when it comes to paintings, Frida Kahlo was a legend in her own time. On a constant basis, her art demonstrated how expressionism can be based on life scenarios (Wood, 1998). Kahlo was well known for her self-portraits displaying her uni-brow and an imperious expression. Her art was personal and every piece was an attempt to let the viewer know that art is not always based on world events, but sometimes personal event too. In 1943, Frida Kahlo painted Thinking About Death. With a vegetation background and another domineering facial expression, Kahlo painted a skull and cross bones across her forehead. Her attempt was to portray her mental state based on her preoccupation with morality and events that were going on in her life. These events included her diagnosis of polio, her near fatal bus accident leaving her unable to conceive a child, and her miserable relationship with artist Diego Rivera. Before this piece though, another death portrayal was set forth in Kahlos piece â€Å"A Few Small Snips†; createdShow MoreRelatedWeeping Woman746 Words   |  3 Pageshysteria, and death. The sad and dark eyed woman is Picassos lover Dora Maar, but the woman is also a symbol of a victim of war or a witness to the war in Spain spreading throughout Europe in 1937. Weeping Woman stands as a strong, iconic denouncement of the atrocities and inhumanity of modern warfare. The sharp angles reflect intense pain and the strident palette of acid greens and hot purples allows no rest or forgiveness for the eye- only protest and accusation. Modernism in art refers to aRead MoreRomanticism Essays509 Words   |  3 PagesRomanticism Romanticism began in the mid-18th century and reached its height in the 19th century. It was limited to Europe and America although different compatriots donated to its birth and popularity. Romanticism as a movement declined in the late 19th century and early 20th century with the growing dominance of Realism in the arts and the rapid advancement of science and technology. However, Romanticism was very impressionative on most individuals during its time. This was because it was expressedRead MoreMood Disorders : Their Influence And Portrayal Of Art1466 Words   |  6 PagesMood Disorders: Their Influence and Portrayal in Art Charles Frankel said, â€Å"Anxiety is the essential condition of intellectual and artistic creation and everything that is finest in human history†. There is some evidence to support this idea that anxiety and other mood disorders are essential to many forms of art. In this article I will examine how mood disorders influence art, as well as give multiple examples of how mood disorders are portrayed in the following art forms: paintings, literature, andRead MoreMagdalen Essay1083 Words   |  5 Pages George De La Tour was a lost master who was rediscovered in the 20th century. He was born on March 13, 1593 in the town of Vic-upon- Seille, in Lorainne. He is the second son out of seven. It is not known where he studied or where he spent his youth.. Influenced by Caravaggio, he created paintings in the chiaroscuro style. He devoted himself mainly to the representation of genre and religious subjects, both in day scenes as well as nocturnal ones. One of those many paintings was, â€Å"MagdaleneRead MoreAfrican Masculinity And The African Continent916 Words   |  4 PagesThe African continent has been riddled with western ideologies and stereotypes for centuries. Even before the institution of colonization was implemented across the continent, western visitors who saw the world through their western ideologies and â€Å"eyes† labeled African men, women, and societies as barbaric, and inferior. These ideologies of Africans continued from slavery, to colonization and even in to the ideology of western nations today. Africans today are working to change the ideologies placedRead MoreDifference Between Ballet And Ballet1544 Words   |  7 PagesOver the past five centuries, dance has undergone tremendous change and evolved in to various different forms. Throughout the history of dance, styles including ballet or modern have changed in both technique and expression, and their popularity has constantly fluctuated. From the 16th century until present day, ballet specifically has fallen in and out of favor and gone through multiple periods of artistic scarcity to prosperity. One peak of its popularity was during the Romantic era when creativityRead MoreAnxiety And Other Mood Disorders1460 Words   |  6 Pagesin human history†. There is some evidence to support this idea that anxiety and other mood disorders are essential to many forms of art. In this article I will examine how mood disorders influence art, as well as give multiple examples of how moo d disorders are portrayed in the following art forms: paintings, literature, and music. Before we can broach the topic of art and mood disorders we need to have a good basis of what mood disorders are. Mood disorders are defined as â€Å"a perpetual and significantRead MoreRealism : Romanticism And Modernism974 Words   |  4 PagesWithin the time period studied this semester, it seems that different art movements arose in reaction to the movement of the time. Romanticism arose in response to Neo-Classicalism. Realism reacted against excessive idealization and de-emphasis of the â€Å"real† by the Romantics. Two groups arose in reaction to Realism: the Impressionists, who further developed the idea of â€Å"conveying the real,† and the Symbolists, who harkened back to Romanticism’s focus on emotions and subjectivity. Additionally, theRead MoreLandscapes Through The Ages By Claude Lorrain s Seaport With The Embarkation Of The Queen Of Sheba Essay1358 Words   |  6 PagesLandscaping Landscapes: Exploring the Creation of Landscapes since the 17th century to the Modern Era From the 1600s to present day, landscapes have evolved in color and style. As the Baroque era incorporated stories and modern landscape photography focuses on color and subject, landscape artistry has changed as new movements of art and history occur. A proposed exhibition of landscapes includes Claude Lorrain’s Seaport with the Embarkation of the Queen of Sheba, Van Gogh’s Long Grass with ButterfliesRead MoreAnalysis Of Schindler s List, And Benigni s Life Is Beautiful1351 Words   |  6 Pagestoday, we still live in a male dominated society, where women are still being underrepresented, and even misrepresented. While there are many works of art that have women as the main subject, they are often depicted as mothers, victims, sexual beings, or shown as pure, and innocent. We rarely get to see women playing the dominant roles. Holocaust art works are no stranger to this theme. In this essay I will be comparing and contrasting how females are depicted in Spielberg ’s Schindler’s List, and

The Significance of Music in Arthur Millers Death of a...

The Significance of Music in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman Human emotions are something that we seldom find a way to express clearly: from simple hand gestures, to a disgusted face. To understand his novel more thoroughly, Arthur Miller uses the most understandable method of comprehension, music, to express the emotions of the characters in his play, Death of a Salesman. The characters, Willy, Linda, Biff, Happy, and Ben, have a certain style of music and instruments portraying them to show the reader what type of emotional person they are. The beginning of the play starts with a soft, sweet, flute medley that announces Willy’s gradual trek home from Yonkers. This slow tune of confusion ends abruptly as Willy comes†¦show more content†¦The play has a sense of joy in it. Willy’s flashbacks always occur toward the same time where the Lomans were happy. Starting with Biff’s football days in high school. The music in those scenes would make anyone feel like they were on top of the world, just like Biff and Willy felt. Then comes Ben. Ben is Willy’s savior. Always acting like a parental figure, Ben was Willy’s answer to everything. A pure, fast paced song represented Willy’s hopes. The emotions involved in this type of music were mainly enthusiasm, confidence, and courage. Biff’s example of when he decides to go and see Bill Oliver and ask for a loan to start the sporting goods business is a good example of music interpreting confidence. Another bit of confidence is f elt when Willy is going to ask Howard for a stationary job in New York. The music that sounds troublesome in this play would have to be anything that involved the Woman. The Woman is involved in many conflicts, but mainly between Biff and Willy. When Willy is in the bathroom at the restaurant, a cheerful song begins, along side of the Woman’s laughter. The instant that Biff sees the Woman, the music stops, then begins once more but in a slow, droopy manner. Now the music stops after a life has been wrecked. This type of music has been foreshadowing his oncoming death by starting merry andShow MoreRelatedEssay on Death of a Salesman2925 Words   |  12 Pagesâ€Å"Death of a Salesman† written by Arthur Miller in 1948 attempts to give the audience an unusual glimpse into the mind of a Willy Loman, a mercurial 60-year-old salesman, who through his endeavor to be â€Å"worth something†, finds himself struggling to endure the competitive capitalist world in which he is engulfed. Arthur Miller uses various theatrical techniques to gradua lly strip the protagonist down one layer at a time, each layer revealing another truth about his distorted past. By doing this, MillerRead MoreArthur Miller s Death Of A Salesman And Tennessee Williams A Streetcar Named Desire1812 Words   |  8 Pagesposition of high standing. In Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman and Tennessee Williams’ A Streetcar Named Desire, drama is created through the use of discussing the downfall of an ordinary person. By placing ordinary people into crisis situations, it allows the audience to connect and relate to the situations presented. Drama is created in both Miller and Williams’ plays by the set and sound. In both Miller and Williams’ plays, the set is used to create drama. Miller’s play takes place in a New YorkRead MoreEssay on Death of a Salesman and Street Car Named Desire4007 Words   |  17 PagesBiff: â€Å"will you take that phony dream and burn it before something happens† Compare how the authors of Death of a salesman and â€Å"street car named desire explore the conflict between truth and illusion Truth and illusion are utilized in Tennessee Williams â€Å"Streetcar Named Desire† and Arthur Millers â€Å"Death of a salesman† through the use of the character; to lead the reader to a possible conclusion on the beliefs that went into the American dream that prompted people to work hard was that americaRead MoreStudy Guide Literary Terms7657 Words   |  31 Pagessharply-defined main characters. A form of extended metaphor, in which objects, persons, and actions in a narrative, are equated with the meanings that lie outside the narrative itself. The underlying meaning has moral, social, religious, or political significance, and characters are often personifications of abstract ideas as charity, greed, or envy. Thus an allegory is a story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning 4. allusion- A reference in one literary work to a character

Addressing Literacy Problems Essay Example For Students

Addressing Literacy Problems Essay Literacy is perhaps one of the most researched areas in education. Despite this there is no consensus regarding the best way to help those experiencing difficulty. Class teachers make decisions on a day-to-day basis, some informed by research literature, some by past experience, some by problem solving unique to a particular case. Whilst researchers and teachers share the same interest in an educational problem their respective orientations differ. Halsey (1982) rightly observed that traditional research values precision, control, replication and attempts to generalize from specific events. Teaching, conversely, is concerned with action, translating generalizations into specific acts, dealing with particulars outside statistical probabilities. Hargreaves (1996) suggested that teaching is not a researched based profession and the yawning gap between theory and practice persists today. Research can inform practice, but because of self-imposed constraints render it too narrow to serve as a foundation for practice. Much research is esoteric, or too general, seen as irrelevant by most practitioners. As Hopkins maintained:  The traditional approach to educational research is not of much use to teachers .. (Teachers and researchers) live in different intellectual worlds and so their meanings rarely connect.  Ã‚  (Hopkins, 2002: 37) Clarke (1995) proposed specific solutions, advocating that research should offer information, inspiration, vision and support. He argued that if research is carefully designed, findings are shared and practitioners are involved, teachers can use research to obtain information to evaluate local and specific questions. They should find inspiration to improve pedagogy. They might view that which is familiar in a new light through investigations of models, concepts and theories. These arguments echo Stenhouse (1981) who called for researchers to justify themselves to teachers whom he proposed should be at the forefront of educational research. Teachers need to ally themselves with researchers who support evidence and explanations of good practice if they are to receive and become effective consumers and evaluators of research. Professional responsibility demands that teachers should endeavour to consult research in selective and creative ways with a clear sense of applicability. Commitment requires teachers to maintain and up-date their knowledge base, also to examine their own practice to generate functional knowledge of the phenomena they deal with. In this respect, as Hopkins argues, classroom research provides an emancipatory alternative to traditional designs. Through reviewing and extending strategies and skills practitioners become teacher-researchers, but the processes are different from those employed by larger scale research. A concern about practice, after reflection, involves discovering how far theoretical ideas are applicable in context. From this stance the teacher can develop findings that illuminate greater questions by rigorous attention to the detail of particular cases. Quantitative methodologies are useful in illuminating aspects of the professional universe, but applicability is more likely to be found at the interpretive, qualitative and ethnographic end of the research spectrum. The topic investigated:  My interest in literacy research was prompted by the House of Commons Education and Skills Committee Report (2005) calling for a review of current prescriptions, an improvement in literacy rates by ensuring suitable programmes are available to children who require support and further research into the Literacy Strategy compared with other catch up programmes.  This had relevance for a current whole School initiative to raise levels of achievement in reading and writing. In developing a focus that was viable, discrete and collaborative my intention was to examine the under achievement of Year 3 Learning Support pupils and their difficulties with high-frequency words, which they are expected to master by the end of Key Stage 1. My aim was to investigate why pupils experience on-going difficulty in order to develop more effective teaching practices.  To research theories relating to literacy difficulties and possible strategies, a literature search was carried out after discussion with colleagues regarding current practice and change. I compiled a list of research terms: National Literacy Strategy; Key Stage 1 and 2 literacy; high-frequency words; improving reading and spelling; self-esteem and illiteracy; motivation. Following an initial random search of the British Education Index database I refined the search terms using Boolean operators. For example, literacy, which yielded 2224 matches, was amended to spelling difficulties AND primary school children OR primary education, for which 8 records were found. Truncation symbols were used e.g. read? (39240 searches) and proximity searches were also carried out. Searches were then organised by publication date, (Appendices, p.26). .uf95ad1d3ca44ac47a3f1e6b1e7957497 , .uf95ad1d3ca44ac47a3f1e6b1e7957497 .postImageUrl , .uf95ad1d3ca44ac47a3f1e6b1e7957497 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf95ad1d3ca44ac47a3f1e6b1e7957497 , .uf95ad1d3ca44ac47a3f1e6b1e7957497:hover , .uf95ad1d3ca44ac47a3f1e6b1e7957497:visited , .uf95ad1d3ca44ac47a3f1e6b1e7957497:active { border:0!important; } .uf95ad1d3ca44ac47a3f1e6b1e7957497 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf95ad1d3ca44ac47a3f1e6b1e7957497 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf95ad1d3ca44ac47a3f1e6b1e7957497:active , .uf95ad1d3ca44ac47a3f1e6b1e7957497:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf95ad1d3ca44ac47a3f1e6b1e7957497 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf95ad1d3ca44ac47a3f1e6b1e7957497 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf95ad1d3ca44ac47a3f1e6b1e7957497 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf95ad1d3ca44ac47a3f1e6b1e7957497 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf95ad1d3ca44ac47a3f1e6b1e7957497:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf95ad1d3ca44ac47a3f1e6b1e7957497 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf95ad1d3ca44ac47a3f1e6b1e7957497 .uf95ad1d3ca44ac47a3f1e6b1e7957497-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf95ad1d3ca44ac47a3f1e6b1e7957497:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: To what extent are Conflict and Love inextricably linked in the play 'Romeo and Juliet' by William Shakespeare? EssayThe process was time-consuming and problematic. I was unable to access the University Library e-journals via Ingenta, or Blackwell Synergy despite using Athens login, although SwetsWise worked in some instances. It was established that the Library holds only dated editions of certain journals whose currency might cast doubts on the usefulness of the research. To overcome these difficulties an inter-library loan was requested. However, without abstracts it was difficult to assess suitability, which resulted in random choices of literature. Further searches were executed and the archives of www.nasen.org.uk were also used. Some papers were more pertinent; but for time constraints alternative material would have been selected for further inter-library loans. Nonetheless, the group discussions and collaboration that arose from identifying mutual problems and assessing strategies are essential for the teachers (to be) intimately  involved in the research process.

The monkeyman free essay sample

Calculate the margin of safety. (Round your intermediate calculation and final answer to the nearest dollar amount. Omit the $ sign in your response. ) Margin of safety $ c. Calculate the operating leverage. (Round your answer to 2 decimal places. ) Operating leverage 2. Sawaya Co. , Ltd. , of Japan is a manufacturing company whose total factory overhead costs fluctuate considerably from year to year according to increases and decreases in the number of direct labor-hours worked in the factory. Total factory overhead costs (in Japanese yen, denoted ? ) at high and low levels of activity for recent years are given below: Level of Activity Low High Direct labor-hours 52,800 70,400 Total factory overhead costs ?233,040 ?255,920 The factory overhead costs above consist of indirect materials, rent, and maintenance. The company has analyzed these costs at the 52,800-hour level of activity as follows: Indirect materials (variable) ?58,080 Rent (fixed) 136,000 Maintenance (mixed) 38,960 Total factory overhead costs ?233,040 To have data available for planning, the company wants to break down the maintenance cost into its variable and fixed cost elements. We will write a custom essay sample on The monkeyman or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Requirement 1: Estimate how much of the ?  255,920 factory overhead cost at the high level of activity consists of maintenance cost. (Hint: To do this, it may be helpful to first determine how much of the ? 255,920 consists of indirect materials and rent. Think about the behavior of variable and fixed costs! ) (Omit the ? sign in your response. ) Maintenance cost ? Requirement 2: Using the high-low method, estimate a cost formula for maintenance where X represents the number of direct-labor hours. (Round variable cost per unit to 1 decimal place. Omit the ? sign in your response. ) Y = ? + ? X Requirement 3: What total factory overhead costs would you expect the company to incur at an operating level of 58,080 direct labor-hours? (Omit the ? sign in your response. ) Indirect materials ? Rent Maintenance: Variable cost element ? Fixed cost element Total factory overhead cost ? 3. Deavila Inc. produces and sells two products. Data concerning those products for the most recent month appear below: Product Q91I Product J53Z Sales $ 16,100 $ 11,400 Variable expenses $ 5,720 $ 4,940 Fixed expenses for the entire company were $13,920. Required: a. Determine the overall contribution margin ratio for the company. (Round your answer to 2 decimal places. ) Contribution margin ratio b. Determine the overall break-even point in total sales dollars for the company. (Round your intermediate calculation to 2 decimal places and final answer to the nearest dollar amount. Omit the $ sign in your response. ) Break-even point $ c. If the sales mix shifts toward Product Q91I with no change in total sales, what will happen to the break-even point for the company? It will result in a decrease in the companys overall break-even point. It will result in a increase in the companys overall break-even point. 4 The Central Valley Company is a merchandising firm that sells a single product. The company’s revenues and expenses for the last three months are given below: Central Valley Company Comparative Income Statement For the Second Quarter April May June Sales in units 4,400 5,050 6,400 Sales revenue $ 616,000 $ 707,000 $ 896,000 Cost of goods sold 220,000 252,500 320,000 Gross margin 396,000 454,500 576,000 Selling and administrative expenses: Shipping expense 52,000 57,980 70,400 Advertising expense 68,000 68,000 68,000 Salaries and commissions 134,000 149,600 182,000 Insurance expense 10,000 10,000  10,000 Depreciation expense 38,000 38,000 38,000 Total selling and administrative expense 302,000 323,580 368,400 Net operating income $ 94,000 $ 130,920 $ 207,600 Required: a. Determine which expenses are mixed and, by use of the high-low method, separate each mixed expense into its variable and fixed components. State the cost formula for each mixed expense. (Round per unit answer s to 2 decimal places. Omit the $ sign in your response. ) Cost formula $ + $ per unit $ + $ per unit b. Compute the company’s total contribution margin for May. (Round your answer to the nearest whole number. Omit the $ sign in your response. ) Contribution margin $ 5. The management of Harlow Corporation, a manufacturing company, would like your help in contrasting the traditional and contribution approaches to the income statement. The company has provided the following financial data for January: Sales $231,000 Variable production expense $22,000 Fixed production expense $38,000 Variable selling expense $15,000 Fixed selling expense $27,000 Variable administrative expense $13,500 Fixed administrative expense $49,000 The company had no beginning or ending inventories. The contribution margin for January was: $156,000 $180,500 $184,000 $66,500 = $231,000 – ($22,000 + $15,000 + $13,500) 6. Boening Enterprises, Inc. , produces and sells a single product whose selling price is $148 per unit and whose variable expense is $48 per unit. The companys monthly fixed expense is $510,500. Assume the companys monthly target profit is $11,900. The unit sales to attain that target profit is closest to: 7,195 5,224 10,883 3,530 = 7. Ringstaff Corporation produces and sells a single product. Data concerning that product appear below: Per Unit Percent of Sales Selling price $141 100% Variable expenses 28. 2 20% Contribution margin $112. 8 80% The company is currently selling 7,800 units per month. Fixed expenses are $609,000 per month. The marketing manager believes that a $26,072 increase in the monthly advertising budget would result in a 240 unit increase in monthly sales. What should be the overall effect on the companys monthly net operating income of this change? Decrease of $26,072 Increase of $1,000 Increase of $27,072 Decrease of $1,000 8. The management of Harlow Corporation, a manufacturing company, would like your help in contrasting the traditional and contribution approaches to the income statement. The company has provided the following financial data for January: Sales $232,000 Variable production expense $31,000 Fixed production expense $25,000 Variable selling expense $18,000 Fixed selling expense $33,000 Variable administrative expense $12,500 Fixed administrative expense $36,000 The company had no beginning or ending inventories. The gross margin for January was: $125,000 $76,500 $188,500 $176,000 9. The management of Archie Corporation would like to better understand the behavior of the company’s warranty costs. Those costs are listed below for a number of recent months: Product Returns Warranty Cost May 34 $ 3,869 June 37 $ 3,915 July 30 $ 3,799 August 40 $ 3,936 September 46 $ 4,012 October 38 $ 3,903 November 39 $ 3,916 December 43 $ 3,962 Management believes that warranty cost is a mixed cost that depends on the number of product returns. Required: Estimate the variable cost per product return and the fixed cost per month using the least-squares regression method. (Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your fixed cost to the nearest dollar amount and the variable cost to 2 decimal places. Omit the $ sign in your response.  ) Variable cost $ per product return Fixed cost $ per month y = 12. 43x + 3858 Variable Cost = $12. 43 Fixed Cost = $3,858 10. Riven Corporation has a single product whose selling price is $17. At an expected sales level of $1,938,000, the companys variable expenses are $684,000 and its fixed expenses are $283,000. The marketing manager has recommended that the selling price be increased by 25%, with an expected decre ase of only 8% in unit sales. What would be the companys net operating income if the marketing managers recommendation is adopted? $971,000 $1,945,700. Wertman Corporation produces and sells a single product with the following characteristics: Per unit Percent of Sales Selling price $152. 00 100% Variable expenses 103. 36 68% Contribution margin $48. 64 32% The company is currently selling 3,800 units per month. Fixed expenses are $215,800 per month. Management is considering using a new component that would increase the unit variable cost by $3. Since the new component would increase the features of the companys product, the marketing manager predicts that monthly sales would increase by 300 units. What should be the overall effect on the companys monthly net operating income of this change? increase of $13,692 increase of $2,292 decrease of $13,692 decrease of $2,292 12. Monsky Corporation produces and sells a single product whose contribution margin ratio is 65%. The companys monthly fixed expense is $416,000 and the companys monthly target profit is $63,050. The dollar sales to attain that target profit is closest to: $270,400 $311,382 $640,000 $737,000 13. When the level of activity increases within the relevant range, how does each of the following change? Choice C Choice B Choice A Choice D 14. What is the cause of the difference between absorption costing net operating income and variable costing net operating income? Absorption costing includes variable manufacturing costs in product costs; variable costing considers variable manufacturing costs to be period costs. Absorption costing deducts all manufacturing costs from net operating income; variable costing deducts only prime costs. Absorption costing includes fixed administrative costs in product costs; variable costing considers fixed administrative costs to be period costs. Absorption costing allocates fixed manufacturing costs between cost of goods sold and inventories; variable costing considers all fixed manufacturing costs to be period costs. 15. On a cost-volume-profit graph, the break-even point is located: where the total revenue line intersects the volume axis. where the total expenses line intersects the dollars axis. at the origin. where the total revenue line intersects the total expenses line. 16. The margin of safety is equal to: Sales (Variable expenses/Contribution margin). Sales Net operating income. Sales (Variable expenses + Fixed expenses). Sales (Fixed expenses/Contribution margin ratio). 17. Net operating income computed using variable costing would exceed net operating income computed using absorption costing if: the average fixed cost per unit is zero. units sold are less than units produced. units sold exceed units produced. units sold equal units produced. 18. Witczak Company has a single product and currently has a degree of operating leverage of 5. Which of the following will increase Witczaks degree of operating leverage? Choice C Choice A Choice B Choice D 19. A disadvantage of the high-low method of cost analysis is that: It relies totally on the judgment of the person performing the cost analysis. It uses two extreme data points, which may not be representative of normal conditions. It is too time consuming to apply. It cannot be used when there are a very large number of observations. 20. Assuming that direct labor is a variable cost, product costs under variable costing include only: direct materials and direct labor. direct materials, direct labor, variable manufacturing overhead, and variable selling and administrative expenses. direct material, variable manufacturing overhead, and variable selling and administrative expenses.  direct materials, direct labor, and variable manufacturing overhead. 21. Denton Company manufactures and sells a single product. Cost data for the product are given below: Variable costs per unit: Direct materials $7 Direct labor 12 Variable manufacturing overhead 3 Variable selling and administrative 5 Total variable cost per unit $27 Fixed costs per month: Fixed manufa cturing overhead $297,000 Fixed selling and administrative 186,000 Total fixed cost per month $483,000 The product sells for $40 per unit. Production and sales data for July and August, the first two months of operations, follows: Units Produced Units Sold July 33,000 29,000 August 33,000 37,000 The companys Accounting Department has prepared absorption costing income statements for July and August as presented below: July August Sales $1,160,000 $1,480,000 Cost of goods sold 899,000 1,147,000 Gross margin 261,000 333,000 Selling and administrative expenses 331,000 371,000 Net operating income $-70,000 $-38,000 Requirement 1: Determine the unit product cost under Absorption costing and Variable costing. (Omit the $ sign in your response. ) Unit product cost Absorption costing $ Variable costing $ Requirement 2: Prepare contribution format variable costing income statements for July and August. (Input all amount as positive value except net loss which should be indicated with a minus sign. Omit the $ sign in your response. ) July August $ $ Variable expenses: Total variable expenses Fixed expenses: Total fixed expenses Net operating income (loss) $ $ Requirement 3: Reconcile the variable costing and absorption costing net operating income figures. (Input all amount as positive value except net loss which should be indicated with a minus sign. Leave no cells blank be certain to enter 0 wherever required. Omit the $ sign in your response. ) July August Variable costing net operating income (loss) $ $ fixed manufacturing overhead cost deferred in inventory under absorption costing fixed manufacturing overhead cost released from inventory under absorption costing Absorption costing net operating income $ $ Requirement 4: Which is the most appropriate method of costing? 22. This makes no sense at all, said Bill Sharp, president of Essex Company. We sold the same number of units this year as we did last year, yet our profits have more than doubled. Who made the goof—the computer or the people who operate it? The statements to which Mr. Sharp was referring are shown below (absorption costing basis): Year 1 Year 2 Sales (34,000 units each year) $1,267,000 $1,267,000 Cost of goods sold 680,000 578,000 Gross margin 587,000 689,000 Selling and administrative expenses 334,000 334,000 Net operating income $253,000 $355,000 The statements above show the results of the first two years of operation. In the first year, the company produced and sold 34,000 units; in the second year, the company again sold 34,000 units, but it increased production as shown below: Year 1 Year 2 Production in units 34,000 44,000 Sales in units 34,000 34,000 Variable manufacturing cost per unit produced $5 $5 Variable selling and administrative expense per unit sold $1 $1 Fixed manufacturing overhead costs (total) $510,000 $510,000 Essex Company applies fixed manufacturing overhead costs to its only product on the basis of each years production. Thus, a new fixed manufacturing overhead rate is computed each year. Requirement 1: Compute the unit product cost for each year under (Round fixed manufacturing overhead cost per unit and final answers to the nearest whole dollar. Omit the $ sign in your response.) Unit product cost Year 1 Year 2 a. Absorption costing $ $ b. Variable costing $ $ Requirement 2: Prepare a contribution format variable costing income statement for each year. (Input all amounts as positive values. Omit the $ sign in your response. ) Year 1 Year 2 $ $ Variable expenses: Fixed expenses: $ $ Requirement 3: Reconcile the variable costing and absorption costing net operating income figur es for each year. (Leave no cells blank be certain to enter 0 wherever required. Round fixed manufacturing overhead cost per unit and final answers to the nearest whole dollar. Omit the $ sign in your response. ) Year 1 Year 2 Variable costing net operating income $ $ : Fixed manufacturing overhead cost deferred in inventory under absorption costing Absorption costing net operating income $ $ Requirement 4: The net operating income for Year 2 was higher than for Year 1 under absorption costing, although the same number of units was sold in each year. This is because by increasing production and building up inventory, profits increased without any increase in sales or reduction in costs. Is the above reason true or false?

Frontiero v. Richardson - 1973 Supreme Court Case

Frontiero v. Richardson - 1973 Supreme Court Case edited with additions by  Jone Johnson Lewis In the 1973 case Frontiero v. Richardson, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that sex discrimination in benefits for military spouses violated the Constitution, and allowed the spouses of military women to receive the same benefits as did the spouses of men in the military. Fast Facts: Frontiero v. Richardson Case Argued: Jan. 17, 1973Decision Issued: May 14, 1973Petitioner: Sharron Frontiero, a lieutenant in the United States Air ForceRespondent: Elliot Richardson, Secretary of DefenseKey Question: Did a federal law, requiring different qualification criteria for male and female military spousal dependency, discriminate against woman and thereby violate the Fifth Amendments Due Process Clause?Majority Decision: Justices Brennan, Douglas, White, Marshall, Stewart, Powell, Burger, BlackmunDissenting: Justice RehnquistRuling: The Court ruled that the statute required dissimilar treatment for men and women who are similarly situated, violating the Fifth Amendments Due Process Clause and its implied equal protection requirements. Military Husbands Frontiero v. Richardson found unconstitutional a federal law that required different criteria for male spouses of military members to receive benefits, as opposed to female spouses. Sharon Frontiero was a U.S. Air Force lieutenant who tried to get dependent benefits for her husband. Her request was denied. The law said that male spouses of women in the military could only get benefits if the man relied on his wife for more than half of his financial support. However, female spouses of men in the military automatically were entitled to dependent benefits. A male serviceman did not have to show that his wife relied on him for any of her support. Sex Discrimination or Convenience? The dependent benefits would have included an increased living quarters allowance as well as medical and dental benefits. Sharon Frontiero did not show that her husband relied on her for more than one half of his support, so her application for dependent benefits was denied. She contended that this distinction between male and female requirements discriminated against servicewomen and violated the Due Process Clause of the Constitution. The Frontiero v. Richardson decision noted that U.S. statute books were laden with gross, stereotyped distinctions between the sexes. See Frontiero v. Richardson, 411 U.S. 685 (1977). The Alabama district court whose decision Sharon Frontiero appealed had commented on the administrative convenience of the law. With a vast majority of service members being male at the time, surely it would be an extreme administrative burden to require each man to demonstrate that his wife relied upon him for more than half of her support. In Frontiero v. Richardson, the Supreme Court pointed out that not only was it unfair to burden women and not men with this extra proof, but men who could not offer similar proof about their wives would still receive benefits under the current law. Legal Scrutiny The Court concluded: By according differential treatment to male and female members of the uniformed services for the sole purpose of achieving administrative convenience, the challenged statutes violate the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment insofar as they require a female member to prove the dependency of her husband. Frontiero v. Richardson, 411 U.S. 690 (1973). Justice William Brennan authored the decision, noting that women in the U.S. faced pervasive discrimination in education, the job market and politics. He concluded that classifications based on sex should be subjected to strict judicial scrutiny, just like classifications based on race or national origin. Without strict scrutiny, a law would only have to meet a rational basis test instead of a compelling state interest test. In other words, strict scrutiny would require a state to show why there is a compelling state interest for the discrimination or sex classification, instead of the much easier to meet test of some rational basis for the law. However, in Frontiero v. Richardson only a plurality of justices agreed about strict scrutiny for gender classifications. Although a majority of the justices agreed that the military benefits law was a violation of the Constitution, the level of scrutiny for gender classifications and questions of sex discrimination remained undecided in this case. Frontiero v. Richardson was argued before the Supreme Court in January 1973 and decided in May 1973. Another significant Supreme Court case the same year was the Roe v. Wade decision regarding state abortion laws.

Apa Snippets and Style Writing Pointers to Help Tcl Nursing

The abstract should be one paragraph of no more than 120 words on a page by itself. Other features of an abstract include double-spacing, one inch margins without indentation, and Times Roman or Courier 12 font. APA Snippets and Style Writing Pointers to Help TCL Nursing Students Write Excellent Papers The aim of this article is to discuss the varieties of pain assessments, and to determine under which circumstances each assessment is most appropriate. Pain is rated differently by each patient, and is subjective to many factors in the patient’s life, including but not limited to culture and past experiences with pain. Since pain may have an effect on all aspects of a patient’s life, healthcare providers must strive to most properly identify the amount of pain in order to properly control it. Symptoms such as â€Å"crying, elected temperature, facial grimacing, groaning, moaning, guarding of the affected area, loss of sleep, nausea, vomiting, restlessness, rise in blood pressure, rise in respiratory rate, and tachycardia† are typical indicators that a patient is in pain; but how much pain? Healthcare providers, namely nurses, use a system of scales and work with the patient to rate their pain. Nurses must be aware of the different pain rating scales available in order to most accurately assess a patient’s pain level. A nurse must not only be able to determine which pain scale is most appropriate for the patient to identify and express his or her pain level, but also be able to carefully interpret and evaluate the scores. For example, the pain scale that is appropriate for a fully functioning adult will differ from one that is appropriate for a child and differ from one that is appropriate for a patient affected by dementia, etc. A variety of unidimensional scales quantify the intensity of the pain and are more simple; while multidimensional scales do so plus identify the pain quality, uration, and any relieving factors, and are more complex. If time permits, a nurse may choose to use a combination of pain assessments in order to be as thorough as possible. Nurses can implement the use of a variety of pain assessments reviewed in this article into their patient’s shift assessment. A nurse may choose to use a more complex, thorough multidimensional scale upon his or her patient’s admi ssion assessment, and then use a more simple, quick unidimensional scale upon his or her patient’s regularly scheduled shift assessments. Regardless of the type of scale being used, a nurse must always use â€Å"effective and sensitive communication with the patient to assist in expressions of pain. † Nurses must listen to their patient and accurately document their patient’s subjective descriptions of the pain. Also, nurses should allow their patients ample amount of time to respond to their questions, which should also be open-ended questions. After the doctor has reviewed the pain assessment and ordered meds, the â€Å"effects of analgesia should be monitored closely and recorded in nursing notes to maintain continuity of patient care. In conclusion, nurses should assess the patient’s abilities, then choose and tailor the pain assessment to the patient’s needs. Assessments are of immeasurable importance as they have a direct effect on the patient’s quality of life. The more extensive of knowledge a nurse has of the plethora of pain assessments to choose from, the more he or she ca n also select the most appropriate pain scale per the patient, which in turn will have the greatest impact on the patient’s progress. Resources In the text, cite resources used to prepare the paper. Cite references in parentheses at the end of the sentence, but before the period (Burckhalter, 2009). Give the author’s last name, a comma, and year of publication. When citing the same resource several times in the same paragraph, it is necessary to cite the author every time but the year only once (Burckhalter). Cite a page number only for quotes. For works by two authors, name both every time and use an ampersand (Merwin Sapp, 2008). For works with three to five authors, name all in the first citation (Bible, Simmons, Beasley, 2009). In later citations, cite only the first author’s name and the term et al. nd the year. For works of six or more authors, cite only the first author’s surname followed by et al. and year in the text, but identify all the authors in the reference list (Slyh et. al, 2007). When a group or organization is the author, cite the group’s name followed by the year (TCL Nursing Faculty, 2008). References Cite all resources used in the text. For the reference list, center the word â€Å"References† at the top of the last page. Double space the entries and indent all lines, except the first line of each entry, five to seven spaces. Alphabetize the list by the authors’ surnames. Include only the initials and last name of authors, not full names or professional initials. Examples of citations are in the sample reference list with this paper. Note the examples of punctuation and capitalization. Journal citations capitalize only the first word of the article title. All major words in the title of the journal are capitalized. The name of the journal and the journal volume are italicized, but the issue and page numbers are not italicized. For books, the reference citation begins with the author or authors, followed by the date of publication. Only the first word of a book title is capitalized. Book titles are italicized. The publisher’s location is cited by city and state, a colon, and the name of the publisher. Electronic citations use the same guidelines indicated above. Do not place a period at the end of an electronic address. Email sent from one to another should be cited as personal communication and is not included in the reference list. Information from classroom lectures are also personal communication (S. Beasley, April 14, 2009). Conclusion A paper should have a conclusion which restates the purpose of the paper, states the major points, and gives recommendations for practice and/or research. This paper has presented suggestions for helping TCL nursing students write excellent papers. A student may also consider using this document as a foundation for a paper. The margins are set correctly. References American Psychological Association. (2009). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed. ). Washington, DC: Author. Author, C. K. (2007, September 30). Title of a journal article. Imprint, 21, 35-40. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier database. Benton Foundation. (1998, July 7). Barriers to closing the gap. In Losing ground bit by bit: Low-income communities in the information age (chap. ). Retrieved from HYPERLINK â€Å"http://www. Benton. org/Library/Low-Income/two. html† http://www. Benton. org/Library/Low-Income/two. html Bible, C. M. , Simmons, A. W. , Beasley, S. G. (2009). Summer events at TCL. Journal of Nursing Education, 46(8), 89-96. Burckhalter, T. S. (February 2009). Beaufort’s best nursing students. Nurse Educator, 53 , 46-65. McPheron, S. (2009). Mapping families. Imprint, 23(4), 14-27. Merwin, D. M. Sapp, M. P. (2008). Where to find happiness. Journal of Divine Meditation, 38(5), 35-42. Simmons, A. (2007). Frustrations in nursing education. In M. Sapp (Ed. ), Success for nursing students (pp. 13-29). Beaufort, SC: Technical College of the Lowcountry. Slyh, K. P, Merwin, D. M. , Sapp, M. L. , Bible, C. W. , Slachta, P. A. , Simmons, A. W. (2007). What nursing students want. Journal of American Community Colleges, 26(3), 32-46. Nursing Faculty. Technical College of the Lowcountry nursing student handbook (2008). Beaufort, SC: Author. Thomas, C. L. (Ed. ). (2008). Taber’s cyclopedic medical dictionary (21st ed. ). Philadelphia: F. A. Davis. APA SNIPPETS AND STYLE WRITING PAGE * MERGEFORMAT 7 PAGE Apa Snippets and Style Writing Pointers to Help Tcl Nursing The abstract should be one paragraph of no more than 120 words on a page by itself. Other features of an abstract include double-spacing, one inch margins without indentation, and Times Roman or Courier 12 font. APA Snippets and Style Writing Pointers to Help TCL Nursing Students Write Excellent Papers The aim of this article is to discuss the varieties of pain assessments, and to determine under which circumstances each assessment is most appropriate. Pain is rated differently by each patient, and is subjective to many factors in the patient’s life, including but not limited to culture and past experiences with pain. Since pain may have an effect on all aspects of a patient’s life, healthcare providers must strive to most properly identify the amount of pain in order to properly control it. Symptoms such as â€Å"crying, elected temperature, facial grimacing, groaning, moaning, guarding of the affected area, loss of sleep, nausea, vomiting, restlessness, rise in blood pressure, rise in respiratory rate, and tachycardia† are typical indicators that a patient is in pain; but how much pain? Healthcare providers, namely nurses, use a system of scales and work with the patient to rate their pain. Nurses must be aware of the different pain rating scales available in order to most accurately assess a patient’s pain level. A nurse must not only be able to determine which pain scale is most appropriate for the patient to identify and express his or her pain level, but also be able to carefully interpret and evaluate the scores. For example, the pain scale that is appropriate for a fully functioning adult will differ from one that is appropriate for a child and differ from one that is appropriate for a patient affected by dementia, etc. A variety of unidimensional scales quantify the intensity of the pain and are more simple; while multidimensional scales do so plus identify the pain quality, uration, and any relieving factors, and are more complex. If time permits, a nurse may choose to use a combination of pain assessments in order to be as thorough as possible. Nurses can implement the use of a variety of pain assessments reviewed in this article into their patient’s shift assessment. A nurse may choose to use a more complex, thorough multidimensional scale upon his or her patient’s admi ssion assessment, and then use a more simple, quick unidimensional scale upon his or her patient’s regularly scheduled shift assessments. Regardless of the type of scale being used, a nurse must always use â€Å"effective and sensitive communication with the patient to assist in expressions of pain. † Nurses must listen to their patient and accurately document their patient’s subjective descriptions of the pain. Also, nurses should allow their patients ample amount of time to respond to their questions, which should also be open-ended questions. After the doctor has reviewed the pain assessment and ordered meds, the â€Å"effects of analgesia should be monitored closely and recorded in nursing notes to maintain continuity of patient care. In conclusion, nurses should assess the patient’s abilities, then choose and tailor the pain assessment to the patient’s needs. Assessments are of immeasurable importance as they have a direct effect on the patient’s quality of life. The more extensive of knowledge a nurse has of the plethora of pain assessments to choose from, the more he or she ca n also select the most appropriate pain scale per the patient, which in turn will have the greatest impact on the patient’s progress. Resources In the text, cite resources used to prepare the paper. Cite references in parentheses at the end of the sentence, but before the period (Burckhalter, 2009). Give the author’s last name, a comma, and year of publication. When citing the same resource several times in the same paragraph, it is necessary to cite the author every time but the year only once (Burckhalter). Cite a page number only for quotes. For works by two authors, name both every time and use an ampersand (Merwin Sapp, 2008). For works with three to five authors, name all in the first citation (Bible, Simmons, Beasley, 2009). In later citations, cite only the first author’s name and the term et al. nd the year. For works of six or more authors, cite only the first author’s surname followed by et al. and year in the text, but identify all the authors in the reference list (Slyh et. al, 2007). When a group or organization is the author, cite the group’s name followed by the year (TCL Nursing Faculty, 2008). References Cite all resources used in the text. For the reference list, center the word â€Å"References† at the top of the last page. Double space the entries and indent all lines, except the first line of each entry, five to seven spaces. Alphabetize the list by the authors’ surnames. Include only the initials and last name of authors, not full names or professional initials. Examples of citations are in the sample reference list with this paper. Note the examples of punctuation and capitalization. Journal citations capitalize only the first word of the article title. All major words in the title of the journal are capitalized. The name of the journal and the journal volume are italicized, but the issue and page numbers are not italicized. For books, the reference citation begins with the author or authors, followed by the date of publication. Only the first word of a book title is capitalized. Book titles are italicized. The publisher’s location is cited by city and state, a colon, and the name of the publisher. Electronic citations use the same guidelines indicated above. Do not place a period at the end of an electronic address. Email sent from one to another should be cited as personal communication and is not included in the reference list. Information from classroom lectures are also personal communication (S. Beasley, April 14, 2009). Conclusion A paper should have a conclusion which restates the purpose of the paper, states the major points, and gives recommendations for practice and/or research. This paper has presented suggestions for helping TCL nursing students write excellent papers. A student may also consider using this document as a foundation for a paper. The margins are set correctly. References American Psychological Association. (2009). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed. ). Washington, DC: Author. Author, C. K. (2007, September 30). Title of a journal article. Imprint, 21, 35-40. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier database. Benton Foundation. (1998, July 7). Barriers to closing the gap. In Losing ground bit by bit: Low-income communities in the information age (chap. ). Retrieved from HYPERLINK â€Å"http://www. Benton. org/Library/Low-Income/two. html† http://www. Benton. org/Library/Low-Income/two. html Bible, C. M. , Simmons, A. W. , Beasley, S. G. (2009). Summer events at TCL. Journal of Nursing Education, 46(8), 89-96. Burckhalter, T. S. (February 2009). Beaufort’s best nursing students. Nurse Educator, 53 , 46-65. McPheron, S. (2009). Mapping families. Imprint, 23(4), 14-27. Merwin, D. M. Sapp, M. P. (2008). Where to find happiness. Journal of Divine Meditation, 38(5), 35-42. Simmons, A. (2007). Frustrations in nursing education. In M. Sapp (Ed. ), Success for nursing students (pp. 13-29). Beaufort, SC: Technical College of the Lowcountry. Slyh, K. P, Merwin, D. M. , Sapp, M. L. , Bible, C. W. , Slachta, P. A. , Simmons, A. W. (2007). What nursing students want. Journal of American Community Colleges, 26(3), 32-46. Nursing Faculty. Technical College of the Lowcountry nursing student handbook (2008). Beaufort, SC: Author. Thomas, C. L. (Ed. ). (2008). Taber’s cyclopedic medical dictionary (21st ed. ). Philadelphia: F. A. Davis. APA SNIPPETS AND STYLE WRITING PAGE * MERGEFORMAT 7 PAGE

Students with mental illness and depression Essay

Students with mental illness and depression - Essay Example Anxiety and depression disorders are common mental illnesses known to exist. Mental illnesses occur mostly in the times of uncertainty or stress which can be resulting from people’s daily life activities. It is worth to understand that mental illnesses and disorders are real illnesses. Just like other illnesses, such as asthma or diabetes, most mental disorders or illnesses are episodic. (U.S. Department of Education). That means there are periods when people will be well and productive, as well as other times being unwell and their overall production and functioning, becomes low. Depression is just a mental disorder, but not a disease. Psychiatrists have tried to help people who seek medication for conditions of mental disorders such as depression, but they have failed to explain the meaning of disorder or depression. These conditions are called disorders but not diseases with a reason. Disorder means something out of ordinary, where depression and other known mental illnesse s belong. According to a report in 2001, the US Department of Education reported that the rate of school dropouts among the students with mental illness is approximately fifty percent (U.S. Department of Education). The above disorder is characterized by the lack of ability to remain focused on a task, excessive activity, and impulsive behavior or inability to remain for a some moments. That means there are periods when people will be well and productive, as well as other times being unwell and their overall.

Sonoco HR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Sonoco HR - Essay Example The industry’s shift towards a more involved supplier that offers end to end packaging solutions made it hard for SONOCO to compete directly with its competitors until serious change are implemented in the company. In response SONOCOs leadership implemented strategies designed to control cost that is juxtaposed to its new business model of generating top line growth. The strategy involves retooling its consumer packaging divisions to meet the large demands of clients that is sensitive to consumer taste or preferences. The new business model practically granted more autonomy to the General Managers of each division in terms of managing his or her own talent pool despite the new business model’s demand for more cross functional cooperation to respond to the dynamic customer needs. SONOCOs corporate culture is family-oriented, paternalistic, collaborative, and team oriented. Due to its long profitable history the company in its entirety tolerates underperformance so long a s the company can afford it. But the employees are also extremely loyal to the company with majority of them enjoying tenures of more than 20 years. The company’s employees pride themselves of being able to set the phase in the packaging industry. The Issues Cindy Hartley was hired to assist SONOCO to support the strategies of DeLoach the company’s CEO that is aimed at: (1) increasing GMs accountability for talent management; (2) distribute HR talent and support more evenly across the company’s divisions and make HR systems and process consistent; and (3) to optimize HR’s ability to provide customize strategic support to the GMs businesses. These priority areas are designed to align the organization with the dynamic demands of the packaging industry. After conducting a comprehensive assessment of SONOCO’s HR needs, Hartley identified three priorities that she needs to resolve at once to respond to the challenge posed by DeLoach. First, the mechanic al and arbitrary compensation and performance-management systems needed to be linked and made consistent and more accurately reflective of employee contributions to company performance. Second, the company needed to create an employee-development process to refine employees’ skill and to identify and develop deficient skills. Third, develop succession planning to identify and prepare the next generation of leaders was urgent. It would be prudent to ensure that whatever changes and initiatives that will be implemented by the organization it will also change the corporate culture and psyche of SONOCO to sustain its continuous implementation (Devero, 2007). The onus should be geared towards continuous improvement through iterative compliance to dynamic policies and procedure of a learning organization (Senge, 2006). The transformation should also be complete that it will positively influence or impact the correct core values of the organization (Whiteley & Whiteley, 2006). Analy sis of the issues SONOCOs steady growth through acquisition of other companies over the years has contributed to the redundancy of several departments across divisions when the acquired companies were eventually consolidated to their respective divisions (DePamphilis, 2009). One of these departments is the HR department. Operational imperatives or requirements that call for expedient filling of positions to meet orders from customers also contributed to

Epic Heroes Essay examples -- Hero Roland Siegfried Balian

Heroes may fall, but they are never forgotten. An epic is an enlightening story with its true purpose to portray a historical person or event. Epics centralize on concepts such as loyalty and valor, which were important to those of medieval times. Epics were not recorded for a long time after they actually occurred. An epic hero is an individual with phenomenal finesse and extraordinary abilities. They represented a culture's highest standards or values. A heroic flaw is usually the triumphant downfall of a hero. Most heroes are depicted to have a heroic flaw which shows their mortality or ephemerality, meaning they do not live forever or just a brief amount of time. Epic Heroes are thrust into greatness upon their birth, but it is up to them to fulfill their destiny. Roland was truly a brave and valiant knight. In the section read it begins as Roland, his best friend Oliver, and the rest of the French rear guard face the immense Saracen army. Roland is consistent and pretentious, many knights and warriors fought for honor and dignity. Roland although courageous and dari...

Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants Essay

The code provides a conceptual framework approach to the application of the fundamental principles of professional conduct: 1. integrity Honest and trust. Accountants must not be associated with outputs that: contain materially false or misleading statements contain info furnished recklessly omit or obscure information where such would be misleading 2. objectivity Must be impartial, honest and free from conflicts of interest Intrinsically linked to independence, professional independence is seen to be a subset of integrity and objectivity. 3. professional competence and due care Maintain professional knowledge and skill Apply diligence 4. confidentiality 5. professional behavior the conceptual framework approach adopted in the Code is principles-based, setting forth the principles as well as rules of conduct. Threats Self-interest threats Self-review threats Advocacy threats – promoting a position or opinion that compromises objectivity Familiarity threats: a close relationship where one becomes too sympathetic to others Intimidation threats : actual or perceived and is a deterrent from acting objectively An intimidation threat to an account’s objective or competence and due care may arise where the accountant is  pressured by a client. Normative theories of ethics Normative theories of ethics Normative Theories of ethics Teleological consequential Right from wrong is determined from results or consequences of a decision or action Identify consequences (costs and benefits) for each alternative course of action Compare the ratio of costs and benefits (both economically and morally) Make a decision Deontological non-consequential and rule deontology †¢ Consequences are irrelevant †¢ The important is the intention to do the right thing or the motivation to behave appropriately flowing from a sense of duty. One dose the right thing simply because it is the right thing to do regardless the consequences Egoism †¢ A right or acceptable decision is one that maximises net positive benefits to oneself. †¢ Can be restricted if self-interest is pursued within the law and fair competition †¢ Utilitarianism †¢ Does not focus on oneself †¢ A right decision is one that produces the greatest to the greatest number of people Rights †¢ A decision will only be ethical if its intentions do not often the rights of stakeholders †¢ Rights include legal, contractual, special, particular, natural and constitutional rights †¢ Process: Identify the rights particular to the stakeholder Ensure the decision is consistent with respecting such rights Justice †¢ Focuses on distributive justice which refers to the fair and equal distribution of benefits and burdens †¢ Process: Identify the benefits and burdens Assign the benefits and burdens to the various stakeholders Decide whether the destruction of benefits and burdens is fair and equal Aristotle on justice – â€Å"Equals should be treated equally and unequal’s should be treated unequally.† M 3 Types of directors Directors †¢ Board of directors: Not involved in day-to-day decision-making (AWA ltd v Daniels) Must ensure procedures are in place to ensure major operational issues are brought to its attention, Directors ï ¼ dependent Non-independent directors †¢ Can be executive directors Independent Directors †¢ Free from any influence which would bias the decisions †¢ Free from any connections †¢ Should not been paid according to performance achieved †¢ Not involved in the business on a day-to-day basis †¢ Still required to demonstrate a duty of care, however may not equal to an executive director with professional qualifications Executive directors †¢ Occupying and hold an office as an executive in the company †¢ Will never be independent †¢ Can be paid on performance base Non-independent non-executive directors †¢ Should not been paid according to performance achieved Duties of directors (4.62) †¢ Avoid conflicts of interest and where these exist, ensure they are appropriately declared and, as required by law, otherwise managed correctly †¢ Act in the best interests of the corporation (the nominee director must always act in the best interests of the corporation and use their power only for proper purposes when making a decision on board to which they have been appointed as a director)   †¢ Retain discretionary powers and avoid delegating the director’s responsibility   Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Exercise powers for proper purposes (act within their power; do not abuse their power)   Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Act with care, skill, and diligence (the standard of care will be different for a director with professional qualifications and a non-executive director)   Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Be informed about the corporation’s operations Committees of the board 3.19 Purpose: Enhance the effectiveness of the board, and particularly of non-executive directors. Enable the distribution of workload to allow a more detailed consideration to be given to important matters Provide an independent perspective in relation to issues which involve conflicts of interest It do not reduce the responsibility of the board as a whole and care needs to be taken to ensure that all concerned understand their functions The board of directors is still unlimitedly responsible for decisions made by subcommittees The delegation of duties enables examination of issues in greater detail and discussion of issues in the absence of management Requires written terms of reference for each subcommittee and procedures for reporting to the full board Except for certain situations where audit committees are compulsory, it is up to boards to determine whether to have the committees and, if so, which committees are established. Committee Key role(s) Membership Risk management Ensure certain risk is assessed, understood and appropriately managed OECD dose not make specific recommendations about committees Nomination Recommending the succession procedures within an organization Appropriate to include executive directors Majority of independent directors ( UK FRC CGC) Remuneration Deal with remuneration-especially for senior executives Preferable to not include executive directors For large companies, at least 3 independent non-executive directors (UK FRC VFV) Audit Financial reporting and audit matters Oversight of internal control Only non-executive directors, with majority being independent, independent chair, at least 3 members Only independent directors (Sarbanes-Oxley Act) For larger companies, at least 3 independent non-executive directors and at least one member with recent and relevant financial experience (UK FRC CGC) Reports on Corporate Governance Report Key focus Country Cadbury (1992) Best practice recommendations for board and committee structures â€Å"comply or explain†: if a company chose not to comply with a governance recommendation, the company had to identify the noncompliance and then explain it to shareholders UK Greenbury (1995) Directors’ remuneration Additional recommendations designed to enhance transparency in relation to directors’ remuneration UK Hampel (1998) Replaced the Cadbury and Greenbury work â€Å"supercode†, adopted into the listing rules on the London Stock Exchange UK Higgs (2003) Non-executives directors UK Smith (2003) Audit committee UK COSO 3.35 1994 Internal control: a process designed to provide resonable assurance regarding the achievement of objectives CalPERS (pension fund investor) Describe the type of governance it expects to see from companies US Sarbanes-Oxley Act (2002) Strengthened audit requirements, increased financial disclosures and requires mgmt certification of internal controls US  Hilmer (1993) Improving board governance to enhance company performance AUS Bosch (1995) Corporate Practices and Conduct, a report of the committee chaired by Henry Bosch AUS Ramsay (2001) Produced by a committee chaired by Ian Ramsay Examined the adequacy of Australian legislative and professional requirements regarding the independence of external auditors and made recommendations for changes Did not recommend a ban on the provision of non-audit services to audit clients. Instead, he recommened that the disclosure requirements be enhanced. AUS Harris (1997) 3.43 Four guiding principles that should be employed to achieve more effective governance by boards in the public sectors. AUS Uhrig (2003) 3.43 Considered the existing governance arrangements for statutory authorities finding a number of opportunities for improvement. The report also found a lack of effective governance for several of the authorities due to a range of factors.’ Lack of board experience and expertise, together with the potential for conflicts of interests, are impediments to good performance. Limited powers of the board to a statutory body when compared to the private sector. AUS Audit reform: Prohibit auditors to perform certain non-audit services Rotate of audit partners after 5 years Corporate Accountability Each company must establish an audit committee drawn from members of the board of directors. The members of the audit committee must be independent. CEOs and CFOs must certify that the financial reports filed with the SEC do not contain untrue statements or material omissions Financial disclosures and loans: Certain personal loans by a corporation to its executives are prohibited Annual reports filed with the SEC must state that mgmt is responsible for the internal control structure and procedures for financial reporting, and include mgmt’s assessment of the effectiveness of those internal control structures and procedures CalPERS An institutional investor which uses its considerable power as a provider of capital to force corporate governance improvements as it deems appropriate. Minimum standard to which markets throughout the workd should adhere in order to attract its funds. Public Sector Australia – 2003 ASX CGC Recommendations (revised in 2007 and 2010) â€Å"If not, why not† principle, and requires existence of audit committee in Australian top 500 listed companies. – 2004 Corporate Law Economic Reform Program (CLERP) 9 Key changes include audit reform and financial reporting. – ASX CGC Principles and Recommendations 2010 (â€Å"If not, why not† principle) In 2003 ASX produced a list of â€Å"best practice† principles and recommendations on corporate governance and updated them in 2007 (when the term â€Å"best practice† was removed from the title) and 2010. ASX CGC 2007 recommends audit, remuneration and nomination committees. These are therefore subject to the â€Å"if not why not† rule. Audit committee is mandatory for top 500 companies in Australia. For top 300 companies, composition of audit committee is also defined in mandatory terms – minimum 3 members, all non-executive directors, majority to be independent, and independent chair who is NOT Board Chair. Principle Key aspects Lay solid foundations for management and oversight Role and responsibilities of board and management should be established and disclosed Structure the board to add value Composition and size of board to discharge its responsibilities and duties Promote ethical and responsible decision-making Establishment of a code of conduct and diversity policy Safeguard integrity in financial reporting Audit committee to safeguard the integrity of financial reporting by the company Make timely and balanced disclosure Disclosure of all material matters affecting the company Respect the rights of shareholders Facilitate the effective exercise of shareholder rights Recognize and manage risks Risk oversight and management systems; internal controls Remunerate fairly and responsibly Level and composition of remuneration; link to performance 4) International – OECD Principles of Corporate Governance Feb 2010 OECD commentary noted the importance on issues of remuneration, risk management, board practices and exercise of shareholder rights, given the catastrophic performance observed from GFC. BRT 2010 Principles and the US practice are perhaps part of the reason for OECD’s lack of any imperative statements on the issue that chairman and CEO should not be the same person. International perspectives on corporate governance Market based system of governance Emphasises competition and market processes Relationship-based system of governance Emphasise cooperative relationship and consensus Most established: the US and the UK Have great influence on the rest of the world Historical strength of the US and UK capital markets Growth of their investment institutions Adopted by Australia and New Zealand Relies on the representation of interests on the board of directors Long-term large shareholders give the company a degree of protection from both the stockmarket and the threat of takeover Widespread equity ownership among individuals and institutional investors, with institutions often having large shareholdings Institutions including insurance companies, pension funds, and mutual funds. A supervisory board for the oversight of management, where banks play an active role, inter-corporate shareholdings are widespread and, often, companies haves close ties to political elites Shareholder interests as the primary focus of company law An emphasis on minority shareholder protection in securities law and regulation Insider groups monitor management that often acts under their control Stringent disclosure requirements Disclosure based market since numerous investors depend on access to reliable and adequate information flows to make informed investment decisions. The agency problem of the market-based system is much less of a problem in the relation-based control The role of the banks is less central Corporations often have arm’s length relations of equity markets Corporate finance in such countries is highly dependent upon banks, with companies having high debt to equity ratios Banks often have complex and long-standing relationships with corporations (can be debtors and shareholders at the same time) The market-based system assumes full disclosure of information, strict adherence to trading rules and a liquid stock market. The insider system is based on a deeper but more selective exchange of information among insiders It is hard for institutional investors to sell their shares when they are unhappy with the management or board, they become more engaged with companies they are investing in. US Market The board of directors is entrusted with an important responsibility – to monitor the company on behalf of shareholders. It is common for the chair of the board and the CEO to be the same person Committees: Purpose: to enhance the oversight function of boards and limit the powers of CEOs. Tasks: the remuneration of executive directors Nomination of new board members Key decisions in respect of auditing Many large investors closely monitor the corporate governance practices, however, in practice, shareholder in the US possesses limited power to appoint or remove directors Differences among European countries Company law is embedded in different and often unique political cultural and social traditions. Different groups of people have the right to elect the members of the supervisory board. Articulate the purpose of corporate governance in different ways. Laws and regulations relating ti the equitable treatment of shareholders including minority rights in takeovers and other transactions, vary significantly among countries. Different corporate board structures exist. Variations in disclosure requirements and the resulting differences in information provided to investors are a potential impediment to a single European equity market. Germany Relationship-based nature in which all interested stakeholders are able to monitor corporate performance France France and Italy are the European countries with the smallest ownership of company shares by financial institutions. The majority of shares traditionally have been owned by non-financial enterprises, which reflect and elaborate structure of cross and circular ownership. In France, half the firms are controlled by one single investor who owns the absolute majority of capital. Asian approaches of relationship-based systems Significant national differences in corporate governance policy and practice, and many countries are still engaged in a process of institutional development Government-controlled organisations: perform roles that are consistent with the broad social aims of the government, and their governance structure and processes reflect heavy government influence and control. Most companies in Asia either have a majority shareholder or a cohesive group of minority shareholders who act together to control the company. Companies with widely dispersed ownership are rare in Asia, therefore it is difficult to protect the rights of minority shareholders. The boards of directors of companies in Asia often serve a nominal and sometimes superficial role. Disclosure and transparency are often minimal, making it more difficult for regulatory authorities to take action. The lack of institutional shareholders and fund managers reduces the extent of external monitoring by powerful institutions. All countries concerned are committed to a reform of corporate governance due to the 1997 Asian financial crisis. Japan The formal legal features of the Japanese corporate governance system resemble those in most other advanced industrial countries (Corporate law in Japan was modelled on the German System). In Japan, the board plays a more strategic and decision-making role, and is drawn from the ranks of management who are employed by the company. Thus, in the West, the board members are outsiders representing the shareholders; in Japan, the board members are insiders leading management. As a result, the role of Japanese boards may be considered superficial both in supervising the executive management and in responsibility for the company. Problem: there is a tendency for the size of boards to grow as more managers need to be rewarded. Ownership structure: â€Å"keiretsus†: essentially sets of companies with interlocking business relationships and shareholdings. The major keiretsus are centred on one bank. Each bank has significant control over the companies in the keiretsus and acts as a monitoring entity and as an emergency bail-out entity. Advantage: minimise the incidence of hostile takeovers Disadvantage: corporate control being restricted Case studies of governance failure Enron Asset-lite companies: unencumbered by physical assets and heavily dependent on their intangible assets. SPEs: allow the main Enron business to apparently expand without incurring increasing on-balance sheet debt. HIH Failure: inadequate corporate governance checks and balances; lack of financial and managerial diligence and control; and a misconceived and complacent strategy Weaknesses apparent in different cases: The risk management systems have failed in many cases due to corporate governance procedures rather than the inadequacy of computer models alone. Boards had approved strategy but then did not establish suitable metrics to monitor its implementation. Company disclosures about foreseeable risk factors and about the systems in place for monitoring and managing risk have also left a lot to be desired. Accounting standards and regulatory requirements have also proved insufficient in some areas leading the relevant standard setters to undertake a review. Remuneration systems have in a number of cases not been closely related to the strategy and risk appetite of the company and its longer term interests. UK FRC CGC Section A: Leadership A.1.1 The board should meet sufficiently regularly to discharge its duties effectively. A.1.2 The annual report should identify the chairman, the deputy chairman, the chief executive, the senior independent director and the chairman and members of the board committees. A.2.1 operationalises the A.2 principles by stating that the CEO and chair should not be the same person. Main principles application: comply or explain Section B: Effectiveness B.1.2 Except for smaller companies, at least half the board, excluding the chairman, should comprise non-executive directors determined by the board to be independent. A smaller company should have at least two independent non-executive directors. B.2.1 states that there should be a nomination committee which should lead the process for board appointments and make recommendations to the board. This committee should have a majority of independent directors, and it apparent that executive directors may be on this committee. The committee should be chaired by an independent director or the board Chair. B.2.3 identifies that non-executive directors should be considered carefully after they have completed six years’ service on the board. B.3 Directors should be able to spend enough time to do the job properly and that appointment procedures should identify the expected commitment. B.4 Directors are appropriately informed upon joining the board through a proper induction program and by provision of appropriate ongoing training. B.5 Directors who make decisions without adequate information are in breach of their duties. (Company Secretary and the Chair, as well as all directors) B.6 The board is responsible fro evaluating its own performance and the performance of the comm ittees. B.7 Controversially, regular re-election to the board for all directors should, in large companies, be conducted as frequently as annually according to B.7.1 Section C: Accountability C.1 The board should present a balanced and understandable assessment of the company’s position and prospects. C.2 The board must select and define the â€Å"risk appetite† of the company, and it must plan strategies and operations accordingly. C.3.1 An audit committee should be formed and that its membership should meet the requirements. 1. members should be independent no-executive directors 2. for smaller companies, there should be at least two and, for larger companies, at least three, independent directors on the audit committee. 3. in smaller companies, the board chair may be on the audit committee but may not chair the committee. 4. At least one member of the audit committee should have recent and relevant financial experience. C.3.2 The main role and responsibilities of the audit committee should be set our in written terms of reference. C.3.4 Audit committee is the means by which â€Å"whistleblowing† is correctly managed – although the term is no t used in the code C.3.5 The audit committee should ensure appropriate decisions are made about internal audit functions. Section D: Remuneration D.1 Remuneration should be sufficient to attract the right people to be directors but should not be excessive. Recommendations regarding the remuneration directors, and especially the performance-related remuneration of executive directors, is key work to be undertaken by the remuneration committee. D.1.4 Remuneration committee should carefully consider remuneration commitments related to early termination and poor performance. D.2.1 The board should establish a remuneration committee comprised of independent non-executive directors. Must comprised of at least two persons fro smaller companies and at least three for larger companies. D.2.4 Shareholders should be invited to approve new executive incentive schemes and changes to existing schemes D.2.3 Non-executive remuneration should be determined by the board or by the shareholders. If permitted by the company constitution, the board may delegate this work to a committee which might include the CEO. Section E: Relations with shareholders E.1 Dialogue should lead to mutual understanding of objectives. E.2 Boards need to make sure that all shareholders are informaed about annual general meetings and have proper information and the proper opportunity to vote. M 4 Shareholder concept The principal focus of our discussion in this module is on the Anglo-American derivative duties approach to stakeholders. Competitors are treated as stakeholders, stakeholders can also be environment. Agency theory and delegated powers Agency relationship: a contract under which one or more persons engage another person to perform some service on their behalf which involves delegating some decision making authority to the agent. If both parties to the relationship are utility maximisers, there is good reason to believe that the agent will not always act in the best interest of the principal. Assumptions underlying agency theory: All individuals will act in their own self-interest. With potential conflict of interest between the principal and the agent, the agent will tend to act first in ways that will maximise their own personal circumstances Agents are in a position that allows them to further their own interests including at the expense of the principals, as a result of the decision-making power they have been granted and the fact that agents have better access to and control of the information. Delegation Delegation is available unless the corporation’s constitution provides otherwise. It is common practice for boards to delegate day-to-day operational powers to the CEO but not extensive strategic decision-making powers. Agency theory costs Residual loss: any loss or cost or under-performance arising from theses decisions or actions by the agent, represents a residual loss of value to the principals. Overconsumption of ‘perks’ (perquisites or perks are incidental benefits gained in addition to income) Def: the use of such benefits in ways that exceeds expected levels. Effect: reduce both profitability and cash flow available for distribution to shareholders. Empire building Def: acts by management to increase their power and influence in a company for reasons associated with personal satisfaction, including, but not limited to, large financial rewards for having a â€Å"bigger job†. Effect: such personal aggrandisement may have little or no congruence with company profitability or success. Risk avoidance Def: minimise the downside risk that may affect their continued employment. Effect: the organisation may therefore underachieve, with higher returns forgone, representing a loss of value to the shareholders. Differing time  horizons Any management approach that is inconsistent with shareholders’ interest will demonstrate a lack of interest alignment or goal congruence. It can be caused by managers’ self-interest (only current year performance or performance during fix duration), or misunderstand between shareholders and managers. Monitoring Costs Incurred by principals. Compulsory: annual reporting and external auditing Discretionary: construct and analyse activities according to a strategic or Balanced Scorecard Bonding Costs Fully borne by the agent, not the principal. Many costs may be conceptual rather than dollar costs. Restrictions on freedoms are bonding costs borne by agents. Remuneration issues Both payment for work undertaken and for additional rewards that, in agency relationship, ideally will relate to identified superior performance that recognises and encourages goal-congruent behaviour by the agent. Non-executive directors Should not be paid according to performance achieved. Executive directors: Key focus of the non-executive directors who form the remuneration committee New regulation came into place after the Global financial crisis to ensure that remuneration committees should not have executives as members. Has an important role in ensuring that agents are correctly remunerated for their performance and to motivate them to achieve goal congruence. Remuneration structure should not be designed so that self-seeking executives could damage corporations Executives should receive performance payments that are carefully structured. Disclosure and transparency Employees and Consumers New Australian Consumer Law protections against â€Å"misleading potential employees. Whistleblower laws and rules that are becoming very important internationally Laws that prevent legal and other damage to employees (and others) who appropriately del with suspicions of wrongdoing inside organizations Precise rules must be followed if protection is to apply to the whistleblowers. In Aus, the Corporations Act protects an employee if: They report to the right (listed) people only; They are not anonymous; and They are not acting maliciously. Consumers and customers Unconscionable Conduct Protect customers and business consumers where powerful parties to a contract use that power in ways that are sufficiently unfair as to be recognized as unconscionable. Parol evidence: additional words between the parties could not change the clear meaning of a written and signed contract. Dowsett v. Reid (1925) 15 CLR 695: the parol evidence should not apply because of the overall unfairness in the case. Commercial Bank of Australia v. Amadio (1983) : Relief on the ground of unconscionable conduct will be granted when unconscientiously advantage is taken of an innocent party whose will is overborne so that it is not independent and voluntary, just as it will also be granted when such advantage is taken of an innocent party who though not deprived of an independent and voluntary will, is unable to make a worthwhile judgment as to what is in his best interests. Tests for unconscionable conduct: Bargaining power Were the conditions imposed on the consumer reasonably necessary to protect the legitimate interests of the corporation? Was the consumer able to understand any of the documents used? Was any undue influence or pressure exerted on, or were any unfair tactics used against, the consumer? Was the amount paid for the goods or services higher, or were the circumstances under which they could be acquired more onerous, when compared to the terms offered by other suppliers? Where a person uses inside information for their own or a related party’s benefit and/or discloses inside information to somebody whom they ought to have foreseen may use the information inappropriately. Identifying whether the information has been disclosed in such a way that it is available to investors in relevant market Identifying whether a person who understands markets would buy or sell a security were they to know that information. A person who possesses inside information must not use it or disclose it, as such use or disclosure is what actually comprises insider trading. Competition and protecting markets for goods and services Mergers and acquisition In many jurisdictions, regulations are in place that prohibit or limit mergers and acquisitions unless they are formally approved. Abuse of Market power The prohibition on misuse of market power is aimed at preventing powerful entities from taking advantage of that market power for the purpose of disadvantaging weaker org Main principle: Market power Misuse of that power (used that power to eliminate a competitor or prevent a competitor from entering or properly competing in the market). E.g.: predatory pricing, the supply of goods or services below cost over a period of time. It is prohibited because the likely real ambition is for the company to eliminate competitors who cannot sustain the ongoing losses of selling below cost. ACCC Agreements between competitors – Cartel Conduct Tests: 1. Has there been a contract, agreement or understanding 2. Has this occurred b/t competitors 3. Is the arrangement for the purpose of collusion Competitor collusion has a specific term: cartel, which including: Output restrictions Apply restrictions on output what will cause shortages in markets and thus result in price rises Allocating customers, suppliers or territories Dividing up markets, customers or regions b/t competitors Bid-rigging Competitors who are asked to tender or bid for work collude Price-fixing Competitors collude to create common prices (parallel conduct and price-following are legal) Midland Brick case 4.36 Both company and a seinor manager are order to pay civil penalties .International airline pricing cartel Unilateral restrictions on supply (exclusive dealing) A single corporation decides to deal only with certain customers or geographic regions. This type of conduct is generally permitted, but prohibitions may exist if it is shown to lessen competition substantially. 3 characteristics that applied: It is not cartel conduct. The unilateral refusal to deal will be unlawful if there is a â€Å"substantial lessening of competition in a market†. Third-line forcing: a supplier forces a customer to also purchase another item from a third-party. Case: Ku-ring0gai Cooperative building society ltd (1978) 36 FLR An attempt by a building society to force a would-be borrower to take out mortgage insurance with a nominated insurer was in breach of the law. Resale price maintenance A supplier stipulates that the goods it provides must only be resold at or above a certain minimum price. Two tests: Has the supplier specified a minimum price? Has the supplier taken action or attempted to enforce this minimum price? If a reseller sell the product below cost, it is legal for supplier to withhold supply in order to prevent the reseller from ‘losing leading’ with a supplier’s products. Proof, penalties and redress – Criminal and civil Criminal penalties v Civil penalties Criminal cases are always carried out by agencies of the state and never by individuals or corporations. Any aggrieved party can bring an action for a civil case.  For civil case, the standard applied is a proof based on the balance of probabilities rather than proof beyond reasonable doubt as in criminal cases Neither parties will be punished by jail or fines in a civil case, as these apply only in criminal cases. The court may award damages to the injured party may apply injections and make other orders such as rescission of contracts in civil cases. Even third party dropped the case, ACCC can still proceed against wrongdoers on civil or criminal grounds. Redress and penalties for anti-competitive breaches Redress is the ways in which wrongdoers can be required to correct the harm they have caused. Penalties are different from remedies as they are meant to punish a wrongdoer, thus, penalties goes beyond simply redressing wrongs. In Aus, criminal breach of cartel provisions may lead to individuals being fined hundreds of thousands of dollars, and up to 10 years’ jail. Fines for corporations can be as high as $10 million. M5 CSR REPORT Why choose to provide specific information about CSR-related information (Voluntary process) Ethically motivation (Accountability-based) †¢ Organization owns an accountability to various stakeholders †¢ Driven by concerns that stakeholders’ rights to know are being fulfilled Enlightened self-interest (managerial-based) †¢ Economically focused motive to use social and environmental reporting to protect or enhance shareholder value The reason an entity choose to report will in turn inform the decision as to whom it will be directed Will seek to address the information needs of a wider range of stakeholders who might be most impacted by the operations of the entity The target recipients of reports will in turn inform what information will be disclosed and what issue the social and environmental reporting should report †¢ Information to demonstrate accountability for those aspects of the operations for which they are deemed to be accountable, such disclosures would arguably be more objective †¢ Normative theory: prescriptions or shoulds, ideals †¢ Such disclosures will lead to community support and potentially positive financial implications †¢ Stakeholders who are regarded as more important or with more influence will attract additional effort and attention from managers (reporting information to inform the powerful stakeholders) (details in 5.23) Limitations of traditional financial reporting Australia’s current conceptual framework (AASB framework for the preparation and presentation of financial statements) Embrace a shareholder primacy perspective with a narrow notion of accountability The practice of discounting future cash flows Encourage us to shift problems of an environmental nature onto future generations. If we discount future obligations, then, in the current period, they may not be considered to be material Definition of the elements of FR Asset (must be controlled by the entity) The usage of assets which are not controlled by the entity will not be recognized as expenses (usage of public goods which are not exchanged in market transactions) Expenses Based on the definition of asset, use of clean air and water will not be recognized as expenses unless fines are imposed. Examples: Retrenchments in response to the global financial crisis (did not count the expenses of people who lose their jobs) Reserve Bank of Australia increase the interest rate in 2010 to increase profit (did not count the plight of those people who lose their homes) Just-in-time approach Increase the traffic congestion, and pollution Results: Environmental cost is borne by the community. Provides a disincentive for investment in clean technologies. Issues of reliable measurement and probability Environmental cost can not been measure as normal liability since because of the probability issue Many companies used the issue of â€Å"measurability† in number of situations as a rationale for non-disclosure, for provisions. Thus, the related parties would not know the true extent of the organisations’ environment-related obligations. The entity assumption Require the entity to be treated as an entity distinct from its owners, other org and other stakeholders. Externalities caused by reporting entities will typically be ignored Performance measures are incomplete from a broader societal perspective. Key point of import reports (Module 5) Legitimacy Theory (BHP WESTPAC) An organization will take action to manage community perceptions in order to  survive Try and convince stakeholders that it is acting with an acceptable level of ethical and moral conviction whilst pursuing its main objective Legitimacy itself is considered to be a resource on which an org is dependent for survival The theory relies on the notion that there is a social contract b/t the org and the society in which it operates Org must appear to consider the rights of the public at large, not merely those of its investors Legitimacy is assumed to be influenced by community perceptions (which can be influenced by disclosures of information), and not simply by (undisclosed) changes in corporate actions Org will be penalized if they do not operate in a manner consistent with community expectations Meeting the expectations of the community can protect or enhance profitability CSR report could be a central strategy to maintaining corporate legitimacy BCA report about the regulation of CSR report In favor of no regulation needed for CSR report All drivers analysis by the BCA are tied to maximizing the value of business The motivation are tied to managerial reasoning rather than border ethical considerations’ Suggest freely operating markets will lead to the resolution of many existing social and environmental problems PJCCFS 2006 the final report regarding the CSR in 2006 Adopted the same position as that promoted by BCA In favor of not supporting the introduction of legislation With an interpretation of current legislation, the enlightened self-interest is the best way forward for Australian corporations The Brundtland Report Empirical evidence consistent with legitimacy theory Patten (1992 if the Alaskan oil spill resulted in a threat to the legitimacy of the petroleum industry, and not just Exxon’s, then legitimacy theory would suggest that companies operating within that industry would respond by increasing the amount of environmental disclosures by the petroleum  companies for the post 1989 periods, consistent with a legitimization perspective. This disclosure reaction actually took place across the oil industry Deegan and Rankin (1996) Australia study Public disclosure of proven environmental prosecutions has an impact on the disclosure policies of the firms involved Deegan, Rankin & Tobin (2002) Positive correlations b/t negative media attention for certain social and environmental issues and the volume of disclosures on these issues Islam and Deegan (2010) For industry-related social and environmental issues attracting the greatest amount of negative media attention, corporations react by providing positive social and environmental disclosures Current regulations for CSR Reporting National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting Act 2007 (NGER Act) Who are regulated: Ultimate Australian holding company of a corporate group is required to apply if its exceeds one or more of the four thresholds (5.42) What need to be reported: Greenhouse gas emissions Energy production Energy consumption Other info specified under NGER legislation Requirements embodied within the Corporations Act and accounting standards S 299(1)(f) of the Corporations Act Requires that in the directors’ report, which must be included in the annual report, directors must give details of the entity’s performance in relation to environmental regulations â€Å"if the entity’s operations are subject to any particular and significant environmental regulation under a law of the Commonwealth or of a State or Territory† S 299 A of the Corporations Act Listed companies are required to include in the director’s report any information that shareholders would reasonably required. (operations, financial position, and business strategies and prospects for future financial years) However, no specific requirement to disclose financial  impacts. Obligations relating to environmental performance could be considered to be included in either â€Å"provisions† or â€Å"contingent liabilities†, depending on the circumstances. However, many entities choose not to disclose such information due to the probability and reliable measurement issues. Contamination to land caused by the construction of particular plant shall be included as part of the total cost of the property, plant and equipment, with an equivalent amount being included in the liability provisions of the entity National Pollutant Inventory Designed to generate political and economic incentives for industry to move towards cleaner productions Requires industrial facilities operating in Australia to estimate emissions of 93 substances exceeding a specified threshold amount Energy Efficiency Opportunities Act 2006 Encourages large energy-using businesses to improve their energy efficiency by requiring business to identify, evaluate and report publicly on cost-effective energy savings opp