Space Essay Research Paper Evolution a process free essay sample

Space Essay, Research Paper Development, a procedure of alteration through clip, is what links together the tremendous diverseness of the life universe. A batch of grounds is present that indicates that the Earth has had a really long history and that all living things arose in the class of that history from earlier, more simpler signifiers. In other words, all species have descended from other species and all life things portion common ascendants in the yesteryear. Basically, beings are what they are because of their history. Today there are many theories and possibilities related to development which contribute to our apprehension of the procedure. Our planet was born 4.6 billion old ages ago as a great cloud of dust and gas condensed into a sphere. As gravitation pulled this great cloud tightly together, heat from great force per unit area and radiation melted the planet? s inside and most of its mass. We will write a custom essay sample on Space Essay Research Paper Evolution a process or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For 1000000s of old ages after this, strong volcanic activity all over the planet shook the Earth? s crust. At the same clip, the Earth was showered by a really strong meteor shower. From analyzing vents, it is known that eruptions pour out C dioxide, N, and other gases. It is besides known that meteorites carry H2O, in the signifier of ice, and many C incorporating compounds. That might propose that the combination of volcanic activity and a changeless shower of meteorites released the gases that created the Earth? s atmosphere. Geologists believe that the Earth? s early ambiance contained H2O vapour, C monoxide, C dioxide, H, and N. It besides may hold contained ammonium hydroxide and methane. It did non incorporate O, which is the chief ground why the Earth could non hold supported life. As for oceans, they couldn? Ts have existed at foremost because the Earth? s surface was highly hot. But about 3.8 billion old ages ago, the Earth? s surface cooled plenty for H2O to stay a liqui d on the land. Thunderstorms wet the planet for many old ages and oceans began to make full. This is known because the earliest sedimentary stones have been dated to that clip period. Miller and Urey were two scientists who attempted to explicate the beginning of life on Earth without mentioning to any supernatural events. They performed an experiment that suggests how the Earth? s atmosphere might hold formed. Miller assorted # 8220 ; atmospheric # 8221 ; gases ( H, methane, ammonium hydroxide, and H2O vapour ) in a unfertile glass container and charged them with energy by adding electric flickers to them. The electric flickers resembled lightning at the clip of the Earth? s formation. After about a hebdomad, the mixture turned brown and was found to incorporate aminic acids. This organic compound produced in this experiment was efficient in cognizing how the Earth? s early atmosphere formed. That is because it was successful in bring forthing some of the edifice blocks of nuclei c acids under geologically relevant conditions. A inquiry that puzzled scientists was how could all this have started in the first topographic point. It is noted that aminic acids and nucleic acids stick to the constructions of clay crystals. By being held together in a regular form on clay crystals, these molecules combine to organize proteins and polynucleotides. Other research workers non that some sorts of RNA can fall in aminic acids into protein ironss without aid from protein enzymes. Some signifiers of RNA can copy themselves and can really redact other RNAs by adding and canceling bases. These experiments support another hypothesis that RNA, instead than DNA, functioned as life? s first information storage system. Harmonizing to this hypothesis, life based on RNA have started when RNA fragments began to copy and redact themselves and assemble proteins. As clip passed, these RNAs could hold evolved to the point where they produced protein enzymes that took over the work of c onveying about chemical reactions. Subsequently, hive awaying familial information could hold likewise been passed on to DNA. In this manner, over 1000s of old ages, RNA, DNA, and proteins could hold evolved into the complex system that characterizes life today. Detecting that RNA can move as a accelerator, makes it easier to conceive of how life began. Harmonizing to Bruce M. Alberts, # 8220 ; One suspects that a important early event was the development of an RNA molecule that could catalyse its ain reproduction # 8221 ; . That makes it really obvious why it is possible that RNA was the first molecule that could retroflex. These molecules so diversified into a group of accelerators that could piece ribonucleotides in RNA synthesis or roll up lipid-like molecules to organize the first cell membranes. This clearly suggest how the first membranes could hold formed. Fox and his colleagues attempted to happen an reply, to the beginning of membranes and procaryotes, in their research labs. They heated amino acids without H2O and formed long protein ironss. As H2O was added and the mixture cooled down, little microspheres were formed. These seemed to roll up certain compounds inside them. They besides attracted lipoids and formed a lipid-protein bed around them, as mentioned above. Assuming that the microspheres combined with self-replicating molecules, we are looking at a really ancient being. This is what might hold happened 3.8 billion old ages ago as the first membranes and procaryotes were organizing. As for eucaryotic cells, harmonizing to Lynn Margulis? s hypothesis, they arose from what is called a symbiont relationship. Lynn Margulis believed that mitochondra were originally independent procaryotic aerophilic persons, populating on a symbiont relationship with another procaryote. The aerophilic procaryote was enclosed by the bacteria? s cell surface membrane in the procedure of endocytosis, which is made easy by the absence of a cell wall in the bacteria . The aerophilic procaryote wasn? T digested but continued to work inside the other cell. The host cell received energy that the aerophilic procaryote released. The chondriosome that was organizing had everything it wanted, taking it from its host. A similar procedure occurred subsequently with the host cell and photosynthetic procaryotes. This grounds explains the symbiotic theory for the beginning of the four Eukaryotic lands, which are the Protista, Fungi, Animalia, and Plantae. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck had his ain proposal of development. It was non truly accepted because his grounds, which was non really convincing, was non really back uping. Harmonizing to his belief, development is supposed to bring forth # 8220 ; higher # 8221 ; beings, with human existences at its ultimate end. Lamarck? s theory included heritage of acquired features, intending that an being? s life style could convey about alterations that it passed on to its progeny. An illustration would be the fact th at Lamarck believes Giraffes have long cervixs because their ascendants stretched their cervixs because their ascendants stretched their cervixs to shop on the foliages ; and that this addition in length was passed on to wining coevalss. This seemed unreasonable because people had been cutting off dress suits of many Canis familiariss but they neer resulted in an progeny born without a tail for that same ground. Therefore, Lamarck? s thought can non be right, chiefly because these alterations do non impact the familial stuff. Change happens in familial stuff merely when games are involved. In 1858, Charles Darwin introduced a theory of development that is accepted by about all scientists today. His theory provinces that all species evolved from a few common ascendants by natural choice. Another British scientist, Alfred Wallace, introduced an indistinguishable theory at about the same clip. But Darwin? s theory was better developed and more celebrated. Darwin? s and Wallace? s const ruct was based on five premises: 1 ) there is stableness in the procedure of reproduction 2 ) in most species, the figure of beings that grow, survive, and reproduce is little compared to the figure ab initio produced 3 ) in any population, there are fluctuations that are non produced by the environment and some are inheritable 4 ) which single tungsten ill grow and reproduce and which will not are determined to a significant degree by the interaction between these chance variations and the environment 5) given enough time, natural selection leads to the accumulation of changes that differentiate groups of organism from another. Darwin?s theory of natural selection is really the process of nature that results in the most fit organisms producing offspring. There has been experimental evidence for this process, attempting to prove it correct. Darwin observed that wild animals and plants showed variations just as domesticated animals and plants did. He filled his notebooks with records of height, weight, color, claw size, tail length, and other characteristics among members of the same species. He also observed that high birthrates and a shortage of life?s necessities forced organisms into a constant â€Å"struggle for existence,† both against the environment and against each other. Plant stems grow tall in search of sunlight, plant roots grow deep into the soil in search of water and nutrients. All that evidence is what supported Darwin?s theory about natural selection. Peppered moths provide an example of natural selection in action. Peppered moths spend most of their time resting on the bark of oak trees. In the beginning of the nineteenth century, the trunk of most peppered moths in England were light brown speckled with green. There were always a few dark-colored moths around, but light colored moths were the most common. Then, the Industrial Revolution began in England and pollution stained the tree trunks dark brown. At the same time, biologists noticed that dark-colored moths were appearing. The evolutionary hypothesis suggested that birds were the main reason. Birds are the major predators of moths. It is a lot harder for birds to see, catch, and eat moths that blend in with the color of the tree bark than it is for them to spot moths whose color makes a strong contrast with the tree trunks. The moths that blend in with their background are said to be camouflaged. As the tree trunks darkened, the dark-colored moths were better camouflaged and harder to spot, having a better condition for survival. This hypothesis was not enough, and more experiments had to be made. A British ecologist, called Kettlewell, prepared another test for this hypothesis. He placed equal numbers of light and dark colored moths in two types of areas. In one area, trees were normally colored. In the other area, they were blackened by soot. Later on, he recaptured, sorted, and counted all the moths he could, which were marked earlier by him. Kettlewell found that in unpolluted areas, more of his light-colored moths had survived. Kettlewell showed by his experiments that the moths that were better camouflaged had the higher survival rate. In conclusion, when the soot darkened the tree trunks in an area, natural selection caused the dark-colored moths to become more common. Kettlewell?s work is consider ed to be a very good classic demonstration of natural selection in action. All organisms share biochemical details. All organisms used DNA and RNA to carry information from one generation to another and to control growth and development. The DNA of all Eukaryotic organisms always has the same basic structure and replicates in the same way. The RNAs of various species might act a little differently, but all RNAs are similar in structure from one species to the next. ATP is an energy carrier that is also found in all living systems. Also many proteins, such as cytochrome c, are also shared by many organisms. This molecular evidence has made it possible to make precise comparisons of the biochemical similarities between organisms. Scientists also noticed that embryos of many different animals looked so similar that it was hard to tell them apart. Embryos are organisms at early stages of development. These similarities show that similar genes are present. The fact that early development of fish, birds, and humans is similar shows that these animals share a common ancestor, who had a particular gene sequence that controlled its early development. That sequence has been passed on to the species that descended from it. In the embryos of many animals the limbs that develop look very similar. But as the embryos mature, the limbs grow into arms, legs, flippers that differ greatly in form and function. These different forelimbs evolved in a series of evolutionary changes that altered the structure and appearance of the arm and leg bones of different animals. Each type of limb is adapted in a different way to help the organism survive in its environment. Structures like these, which meet different needs but develop from the same body parts, are called homologous structures. This is all additional evidence of descent from a common ancestor. There are other theories for the origin of species including special creation and panspermia. Special creation involves humans. Many p eople believe that humans were created by God; so the theories of evolution go against their religions especially why they do not see God?s hands in the process. As for panspermia, it suggests that life could have originated somewhere else and came to us from space. This might be possible but there is actually no supporting evidence for it. Paleontology has also played a big role in the study of evolution. Over the years, paleontologists have collected millions of fossils to make up the fossil record. The fossil record represents the preserved history of the Earth?s organisms. Paleontologists have assembled great evolutionary histories for many animal groups. An example would be looking at probable relationships between ancient animals whose evolutionary line gave rise to today?s modern horse. The fossil record also tells us that change followed change on Earth. Scientists can use radioactivity to determine the actual age of rocks. In rocks, radioactive elements decay into non-radio active elements at a very steady rate. Scientists measure this rate of radioactive decay in a unit called a half-life. A half-life is the length of time required for half the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay. Each radioactive elements has a different half-life. Carbon-14 is particularly useful because it can be used to date material that was once alive. Because carbon-14 is present in the atmosphere, livings things take it into their bodies while they?re alive. So the relative amount of carbon-14 in organic material can tell us how long ago this material stopped taking in new carbon into its system. That was the time it died. Then, a graph is used to determine the time. This is the way scientists can deduce the approximate age of materials based on a simple decay curve for a radioisotope. In organisms, variations in specific molecules can indicate phylogeny; and biochemical variations can be used as an evolutionary clock. Phylogeny is the line of evolutionary descent. Biochemi stry can be used to support other evidence about revolutionary relationships, and it can be very simple. Scientists study similar molecules in different species and determine how much difference there is between the molecules. The more difference there is, the longer the time-span since the two species shared a common ancestor. The most commonly used substances in this technique are hemoglobin , cytochrome c, and nucleic acids. Hemoglobin is suited to studying closer related organisms that contain hemoglobin. Cytochrome c has been used to compare groups that are more different. The results from comparative biochemistry lone do not prove anything, but they confirm data found using other methods. Together, they become convincing. Today, the theory of evolution is generally considered to be the most important fundamental concept in the biological sciences. Nearly all scientists support it. However, large numbers of people opposed the theory when it was introduces. Still, some people do not accept it today.

The Andromeda Strain essays

The Andromeda Strain essays The Andromeda Strain takes place in the 1960s in the United States, primarily in the southwest region of the continent. The military is launching a series of satellites for a project called SCOOP. The satellites were sent out to enter the Earths orbit and collect microorganisms for study. The final satellite in the SCOOP series landed in a small town in Arizona called Piedmont. Once the capsule was discovered by a local inhabitant, the population instantly dropped from forty-eight down to two. The satellite recovery team loses contact with the base, and then the military sends out specially equipped aircraft to survey the town. The films taken by the aircraft reveal dead bodies sprawled out all over the streets of the town. In fear that a biological crisis has occurred, the military calls on its specially trained team called Wildfire. The Wildfire team was sent to Piedmont to investigate, and they found two survivors left in the town. One of the survivors was an anemic man, a nd the other was a wailing infant. The team then collects the capsule (or the downed SCOOP satellite) and travels to a secret laboratory in Nevada to study the evidence and devise a solution. The duration of the story consists of the team going through certain procedures in order to discover all that they can about this new organism. Microscopic analysis of the satellite reveals that a small black meteor covered with small green specks is embedded in the outer wall of the satellite. The green specks are observed to expand on the surface of the rock. Mass spectrometry performed on the rock and the green specks show that both the rock and the green specks are organic, consisting mainly of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Amino acid analyses reveal that no amino acids known on Earth, and therefore no proteins, exist within the structure of the microorganism. This concept is explained perfectly, and told by a ...

Alcohol Ban and Devolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Alcohol Ban and Devolution - Essay Example With 23,000 incidents of alcohol-fuelled violence each week with relevant elevated alcohol consumption trends (Leifman, 2001), the agency has proposed that existing laws are enforced to reduce the incidence of alcohol-related violence on the streets and on public transportation. England's objective of reducing the harm caused by alcohol misuse is recognized and focuses on the prevention, minimisation, and management of the harms caused by alcohol misuse. These measures addressed in its objectives aims to identify alcohol misuse and the enforcement of existing powers against crime and disorder and promotion of responsible drinking. Under the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 (CDA98) and Crime and Disorder Reduction Partnerships (CDRPs) the partnership of both agencies is held responsible in the consideration of crime and disorder issues in their own core activities that improve safety and security in local neighborhoods. Criminal Justice Boards and Youth Offending and the Drug and Alcohol A ction Teams shall be a voluntary forum for coordination of local priorities. They are tasked to bring together the key local agencies with an interest in reducing the harms caused by alcohol misuse: the health service, the criminal justice system and the local authority. With the support of the Scottish Executive for a complete ban in on alcohol consumption in public places, (The Herald, July 19, 2006) the proposal, has spawned public outburst. Festivities organizers and popular across Wales and Scotland and gaming grounds personnel rallied against the ban with arguments pointed out that such is the breach on human rights while legislative proposals control the sale and purchase of alcohol (Scotland Bill on Alcohol). It is apparent that Scottish culture towards drinking in a study (SSA, 2004) has often prevailed over a perceived problem of alcohol misuse. A majority believed though that drinking should not be allowed in public places including public parks, football matches, in the street and on trains. With this thought in mind, the Scottish Executive has proposed their own policies that set rules against "irresponsible promotions and providing stringent licensing measures that prohibit the sale of alcohol to minors and operator a "no proof, no sale policy". Further, the licensing boards are tasked to oversee according to their own discretion, the issuance or refusal of alcohol on licensed premises. The UK policy and strategies on alcohol ban may not be applicable to Wales and Scotland simply on the grounds of the distribution of legislative power to both. Unless Wales and Scotland decides to adopt the laws implemented by the UK on its citizenry, alcohol ban which has been forced to play second fiddle to a smoking ban may never be heavily implemented particularly within Scottish laws for their own obvious reasons that are cited above and in particular the allowance and transfer of legislative powers are decentralized and distributed on the local level or crea tion of laws and its necessary implementation.

Philosophical reasoning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Philosophical reasoning - Essay Example Initially in "The Second Sex", Beauvoir questions first if there even is a problem with feminism. Then she goes on to ask, "Does 'woman' exist" Once she has proved and asserted that "woman" does indeed exist as an entity, Beauvoir goes on to question how "woman" is defined. While defining "woman", she opens herself up to the discovery that "man" and "woman" exist as opposites and therefore, further investigation into why this oppositeness exists is in question. Likewise in "Who Stole Feminism", Sommers begins with observations on current western culture with, what she calls, a "new" feminist movement alive and growing. After her initial observations, she begins her systematic method of philosophy with the question, "Do women need to be saved by anything" After the introduction of this question, Sommers continues with the approach by offering various views of other philosophers who have reasoned their case regarding feminism. Beauvoir does the same as she looks to the three major topics (biology, psychology, and history) that have previously been raised with the topic of feminism.

Counseling male rape victims Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Counseling male rape victims - Research Paper Example The victims are also required to process the rape and the possible experiences they may face after the ordeal with their formal and informal providers of support. Second, observations made from evaluating therapeutic techniques show that cognitive behavioral therapies (CBT) can work quite well in the reduction of the short term post rape anxiety and fear symptoms. Though, feminist therapies focus on the long term issues in dealing with self blame and guilt, they are known to work at times for the short term issues. Finally It is common for the mental health practitioners who deal with the male rape victims to also experience disturbing feelings that are similar to those experienced by the rape victim. These symptoms are referred to as Secondary Traumatic stress usually experienced by practitioners who deal with a high number of sexually assaulted victims, thus, the need for the application of self-care strategies for these therapists. Introduction The term rape/sexual assault are usu ally defined in many different ways, but, it is explained that rape is the unwanted sexual acts that range from touching to penetration. Usually it is assumed that phrase ‘victims of sexual abuse’ or ‘rape victims’ usually refer to women, but contrary to that, men and boys are also victims of the vice and research shows that in America 10% of the rape victims are men and boys. According to the mental health practitioners who dealt with them, men and boys suffer post-traumatic stress similar to those experienced by women, but are not willing to accept that they are rape victims and need assistance. For some time now practitioners, researchers have tried to find out how sexual assault on males impacts the individuals health psychologically and to create therapies that efficient in enhancing the recovery of these male victims. This essay seeks to explain the research results on three major issues for the practitioners who deal with the male rape victims. These issues are: one, the experiences of the male rape victims and the issues they may put forward in therapy, two, the therapeutic techniques and methods that have yielded success in enhancing recovery of the victims, lastly, the effects of dealing with the male rape victims on the health practitioner dealing with them. The experiences of the male rape victims and the issues they may put forward in therapy Currently, research focuses mainly on putting down and explaining the post traumatic impacts ion the male rape victim’s way of life. The research findings show that the victims struggle with the effects of the assault directly and the effects of the assault on the people who are close to them, that is family and friends. Thus, these results shows that the male rape survivors may share a variety of concerns in therapy and the therapists must be informed of the various negative impacts of sexual assault (Odem & Warner, 1998). Sexual assault/ rape are devastating and normally it wrecks the survivor’s ability to maintain a consistent illusion of safety at the personal level, their invulnerability, and threatens some of the beliefs and assumptions the victims identify with and the larger community that surrounds them. The victims are likely to display extreme levels of psychological distress, guilt, fear, shame, tension, anxiety, anger among others. These different psychological symptoms are usually viewed as an exhibition of the

Culture Of Hepg2 Cells Biology Essay

Culture Of Hepg2 Cells Biology Essay Hep G2 cell line was purchased from American Type Culture Collection (ACTT) (VA, USA). Dulbeccos Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), 0.5% Trypsin-EDTA 10x, and Penicillin-Streptomycin (PS) were obtained from Invitrogen Corporation (NY, USA). Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) was gotten from Welgene Inc. (Daegu, South Korea). Fatty acids (Palmitic, Oleic and Dedocanoic acid), Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and Tween 20 came from Sigma (MO, USA). Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (CA, USA). MTT assay (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay) was purchased from Molecular Probes (Oregon, USA). LDH assay (Lactate dehydrogenase assay) was from ROCHE (Mannhein, Germany). [emailprotected]/503 and Carboxyl-H2DCFDA were purchased from Invitrogen Corporation (Oregon, USA). Nile red was from Fluka (MO, USA). Triglyceride Quantification Kit and ATP Colorimetric/Flourometric Assay Kit were purchased from BioVion Inc. (CA, USA). Annexin V Floustaining kit was from Roche (IN, USA). Phosphate buffered saline was made up of chemicals at pH 7.4, including 11.7g NaCl, 5.5g Na2HPO4-7H2O, and 1.35g NaH2PO4. All other chemicals met in standard grade of analysis. Culture of HepG2 cells HepG2 cells were cultured in Dulbeccos modified Eagles medium, containing 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum and 1% (v/v) Penicillin-Streptomycin under 5 % CO2, 95 % humidity at 37 °C. The cells were subcultured by using 0.5% Trypsin-EDTA 1x (Invitrogen Corporation, NY, USA) for detachment and seeded at proper cell number in all experiments. Fatty acid treatment When 80 % confluency of HepG2 was reached, it was treated with various concentrations of the fatty acids (0 mM, 0.1 mM, 0.2 mM, 0.3 mM, 0.5 mM, 0.7 mM and 1.0 mM) for 24 h. The stock solution of fatty acids was prepared at 100 mM by dissolving in DMSO and stored at -200C. The stocks were diluted in DMEM media containing a constant ratio of fatty acid bound bovine serum albumin at 2 to 1 to obtain working solution in all experiments. Cytotoxicity assay Cytotoxicity was based on the measurement of cytoplasmic enzyme activity by using cytotoxicity detection kit (ROCHE, Mannhein, Germany). The cytoplasmic enzyme was released from damaged cells that its enzyme activity expresses to the proportion of toxiced-cell. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) presents in all cells which is a stable cytoplasmic enzyme. When the membrane integrity of the cells is damaged, it is quickly released into the media. In this assay, NAD+ is reduced to NADH/H+ during conversion of lactate to pyruvate by the LDH-catalyzed. After that, H/H+ from NADH/H+ was transferred by the catalyst (diaphorase) to the tetrazolium salt (yellow) which was reduced to formazan (red). To conduct the assay, the culture supernatant is collected cell-free after desire exposure time (24 h). The reaction mixture from the kit was then applied in the samples. The absorption of the formazan dye formed was measured at 490 nm on an ELISA reader (VERSARMAX, Molecular Divices., CA, USA). Cell viability Cell viability was measured based on measurement absorption of a water-insoluble purple formazan which was reduced from a yellow water-soluble tetrazolium salt in live cells. Briefly, the cells were treated with MTT (5 mg/ml) in DMEM at 37 0C for 1.5 h. Then, the media were removed, and DMSO was added to dissolve the furmazan crystals. After gently pipetting, the absorbency was measured at 570 nm using an ELISA reader (VERSARMAX, Molecular Divices., CA, USA). The estimation of cell viability was calculated by comparing between the spectra value of treated and untreated cells. Quantification of triglyceride Triglyceride content (TG) was determined according to an enzymic method (BioVion Inc, CA, USA). In this method, glycerol is a product by TG-catalyzed which reacts with the probe to generate coloration measured on spectrophotometry at 570 nm. In briefly, the cells were washed twice times with cold PBS, then homogenized in 5% Triton-X100 solution. After slowly heating at 80-100 °C for 5 min, the samples were centrifuged at 12000 rpm for 5 min. The supernatant collected from removing insoluble materials was added 2 ÃŽ ¼l of lipase, mixed well and incubated for 20 min at room temperature. Finally, 50 ÃŽ ¼l of the reaction mix was putted in each sample for 45 min of incubation, protected from light. The value of triglyceride content was quantified based on triglyceride standard curve that was constructed with different concentrations of TG (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 nmol/ml). Measurement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation The measurement of ROS production within cells was carried out by using 2†²,7†²-Dichlorohydrofluorescein diacetate (Carboxyl-H2DCFDA; Invitrogen Corporation, Oregon, USA) which is combined into fluorescent products in the presence of H2O2 and other ROS molecules and esterases (Zhenyuan Song et al, 2007). After the cells were overloaded with 1.0 mM fatty acids, 10 mM final concentration of Carboxyl-H2DCFDA was added in the media without FBS at 370C in darkness for 30 min. Then, the cells were washed twice times with warmed PBS and lysed in 200 Ã‚ ­l RIPA buffer (PIERCE, IL, USA). The lysed-cells were centrifuged at 12000 rpm for 5 min. The supernatants were conveyed to a 96-well back plate which were excited at 485 nm and emitted at 530 nm for the Carboxyl-H2DCFDA fluorescence on Fluorometer (VICTOR2, Perkin Elmer., MA, USA). Trilyceride staining on Confocal Bodipy @493/503 (Invitrogen, Oregon, USA) was used to capture TG fluorescence on Confocal microscopy. In this experiment, the cells were prepared as above. Before the dyes treatment, the cells were washed with PBS twice times. Bodipy @493/503 was then added at 1.0  Ã‚ ­M, and 15 min of incubation at 370C after the cells were rinsed with PBS again. Zeiss LSM Image Brown software (LSM 510 meta, Carl Zeiss., Jena, Germany) was handled to take TG image at excitation of 488 and emission of BP 505-530 nm. ROS staining on Confocal ROS generation in HepG2 was stained by using Carboxyl-H2DCFDA. In this experiment, the cells were prepared as above. Before the dyes treatment, the cells were washed with warmed PBS twice times. The carboxyl-H2DCFDA was applied at 10 mM final concentration in Serum free media (DMEM without FBS), and incubated for 30 min at 370C, protected from the light. After that, the cells were rinsed with warmed PBS again. Zeiss LSM Image Brown software (LSM 510 meta, Carl Zeiss., Jena, Germany) was handled to take ROS image at excitation of 488 nm and emission of LP 530 nm. Detection of cell death and trilyceride accumulation by Confocal HepG2 seeded in the 24-well plate and treated with final concentration of fatty acids to 1.0 mM for 24 h. After the incubation time, the cells were washed twice times with PBS. Then, Bodipy @493/503 (Invitrogen, Oregon, USA) was dissolved in PBS at 5  Ã‚ ­g/ml which was added into each well. This process was kept in darkness for 15 min at 370C. After that, the Bodipy solution was removed and the cells were then washed by Binding buffer from Annexin V Floustaining kit (Roche, IN, USA). Finally, the cells were incubated in 100  Ã‚ ­l/ml of Propidium iodide (PI) for 10 min in darkness. Exposition of TG accumulation and apoptosis was observed at excitation of 488 and 543 nm, and emission of BP 505-530 and LP 650 nm on Carl Zeiss Confocal Microscopy (LSM 510 meta, Carl Zeiss., Jena, Germany), respectively. Data analysis All results were expressed as mean of repeated three or four values  ± SEM. The difference between groups was identified by using t.test. p < 0.05 was considered statistical significant.

The True Nature of King Leopolds Congo Essay -- King Leopolds Ghost

As the Scramble for Africa intensified, it became clear that certain fundamental rules had to be established; with this purpose in mind, Bismarck formed the Berlin Conference in November, 1884 (Hochschild, 84). Despite not being present at the conference, Leopold made out quite well. He gained the seaport Matadi and all the land required to build his railway from that port all the way around the rapids to Stanley Pool (Hochschild, 86). Leopold was able to gain so much because he successfully maintained the notion that this colony would be a free trade zone for Europeans; they still did not realize that he alone had a trade monopoly of the region (Hochschild, 86). The conference ended in February, 1885 and in May of that year, â€Å"the king named his new, privately controlled country the État indà ©pendant du Congo, the Congo Free State† (Hochschild, 87). In 1890, an African-American named George Washington Williams discovered for himself the true nature of Leopold's Congo. Williams' path to the Congo took a curved route; he was a former soldier who earned a theology graduate's degree from Howard University, was a newspaper writer and founder, as well as a former politician and historian (Hochschild, 102-105). After being introduced to Henry Shelton Sanford during his lobbying campaign in Washington, Williams himself became enthused with the Congo and saw there an opportunity for African-Americans (Hochschild, 105). He met with Leopold for an interview, where he was as enchanted by the king and his noble mission in Africa as all who had come before (Hochschild, 106). While attempting to recruit young, black Americans for work in the Congo, he was faced with questions regarding life there; realizing his own ignorance, he perso... ...son author Adam Hochschild claims for writing King Leopold’s Ghost was â€Å"to show how profoundly European colonialism has shaped the world we live in† (Hochschild, 318). He issues a note of caution regarding the causes of the widespread despair in the Congo; that colonialism alone is insufficient to explain these terrible results, and in attempting to label it as such, ignores the myriad of other causes that create havoc and repression around the world (Hochschild, 318). Some of these other factors that have prevented African nations to become prosperous and peaceful democracies are the oppression of women, the apotheosis of militia leaders such as Mobutu, and the continuation of slave-culture (Hochschild, 318). Works Cited Hochschild, Adam. King Leopold's ghost: a story of greed, terror, and heroism in Colonial Africa. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1998. Print.